4 December 01, 2024

Abstract:
The article considers the evolution of clerical traditions and clerical practices in the post-Horde states, one of which is the Kazakh Khanate. The study of creation, distribution and functioning of act sources, documents of epistolary nature is an important link in the historical reconstruction of the past of the states and peoples of Central Asia. The studied complex of historical materials consists of act sources (labels, diplomas, orders, treaties, batiks, diplomatic correspondence) and documents of epistolary character (diplomatic letters, praise odes, epic tales, letters of khans and sultans to the rulers of neighbouring states). Recently they have been actively identified in archives and manuscript repositories of different countries and introduced into the scientific turnover, becoming a unique layer of historical sources. The analysis of these documents shows the necessity and importance of their wide use, as they convey little-known historical facts, detail and reveal “white spots” and lacunas of a number of aspects of the historical past. The importance of these authentic sources in the study of macro and microhistory is quite enormous. As a result of analysing the records management of steppe rulers, it was concluded that there was a change and evolution in the part of procedural clerical practices, one of the reasons for which were changing geopolitical realities, specificity of nomadic lifestyle, universalism and lack of need for excessive bureaucracy. The building of more intensive diplomatic relations and the growth of correspondence between neighbouring countries demonstrates the transformation of templates and the content of the texts of clerical documents themselves, the loss of their stencil-like nature towards simplification and their acquisition of epistolary character. The specificity of the identified unique narrative documents demonstrates the need for a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach of researchers in studying and introducing these documents into a wide scientific circulation.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733052035.pdf
Number of views: 49      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article deals with the history of the Kazakh Shibanid dynasty (descendants of Shiban, son of Juchi, son of Genghis Khan), who played an important role in the formation of the system of political contacts of the post-Dynastic states of Central Asia and Siberia and their relations with the Russian Empire. The study is based on genealogical data from medieval and pre-revolutionary sources, including: manuscripts, chronicles, documents from Russian and Kazakh archives, materials on Kyrgyz land use, censuses, oral sources, etc. The study is based on the genealogical data of medieval and pre-revolutionary sources. The discussion analyzes in chronological order the works on the genealogy of the Chingizids by the leading scientists-historians of the Russian Imperial Scientific Institutions V.V. Veliaminov-Zernov, G.F. Miller, Ch. Veliaminov-Zernov, G.F. Miller, Ch. Valikhanov and others. Some information is given about the most famous representatives of the Shibanid dynasty who made an important contribution to the development of the processes of formation of the system of interrelations and ambassadorial contacts between the rulers of the Chingizid steppe states in Eurasia with the Russian Empire. The personalities of the ruler of Khiva Ilbars Khan, Siberian khans Ishim and Kuchum, Aral ruler Satemir Khan and others are considered.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733052094.pdf
Number of views: 33      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the change in the textual content of the military oath in Russia in the XVIII century, as well as the evolution of meanings, practices and rituals of taking this oath. Considerable attention is also paid to identifying the factors that influenced the military oath in pre-Petrine times. The main sources for the study are normative legal acts that defined the text and procedure for taking the oath; as well as archival documents reflecting the realities of the phenomenon of the oath in the life of the army. The author traces the influence on institutionalizing the military oath of the “Landsknecht factor” – foreigners recruited for military service who were hired by “capitulations”. The article emphasizes that the institutionalization and consolidation of the corporate character of the military oath under Peter the Great were dictated by the realities of the regular army, which is actively fighting. The author concludes that the zigzags in the evolution of the military oath during the XVIII century were due to two factors: firstly, the political upheavals of the era of palace coups, and secondly, the general "russification" of the army, the process of such russification was imperial in nature and led to a change in the position of foreigners in the Russian army.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733052336.pdf
Number of views: 31      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Acculturation as a process of mutual influence of cultures, the perception by one people of all or part of the culture of another people needs further study. It is especially interesting to study the 18th century, when the Kalmyks had to change their territorial, national and surrounding ethnic environment at times. The Kalmyks, having started to become part of Russia, inevitably had to begin the gradual perception of Russian culture in all its manifestations: economic, political, social, cultural and everyday life. This perception was generally spontaneous, caused by the specific historical and political situation. The process of Kalmyk acculturation was slow, especially in the seventeenth century, so one may wonder whether there was acculturation in this period. If we answer in the affirmative, we can say that it was most of all through negative experience. The aim of the article is to show that acculturation was, and it is the same age as in the XVIII century. Comparative, systemic and functional methods were used in analysing and interpreting the material. Although the Kalmyks began to enter into some relations with the Russian population from the beginning of the XVII century, and the mentioning of them in Russian archival documents dates back even to the last third of the XVI century, the actual, physical, if we can put it this way, contact between the Russian and Kalmyk peoples falls on the XVIII century.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733052712.pdf
Number of views: 27      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This historical essay is dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The chronological period of the study is from 1724 to 1917. The materials were monographs and scientific articles on the history of this institution. The methodological basis consists of content analysis, the method of historical periodization and the method of synthesis. The Academy of Sciences in Russia was established by Peter I, who understood the role of the development of science for the development of the state, since scientific knowledge was based on new technologies involved primarily in military affairs. At the time of its creation, the Academy consisted of three departments: mathematics, physics and humanities. Their tasks included not only conducting research, but also teaching and scientific publishing. The first academics were invited from abroad. From the moment of its foundation until the end of the XVIII century, the Academy developed quite rapidly. One of its main directions was expeditionary activity, namely the creation of the Northern Expeditionary Force and the Academic Expedition. This made it possible to create the first accurate maps of the northern territories of Russia. Publishing activities occupy a significant place among other areas of the Academy (in particular, the release of a multi-volume publication “Comments of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences”). The 19th century was a time of reforms in the Academy: a new charter was adopted, which provided for the creation of new departments and the expansion of research areas. During this period, such famous scientists as N. Lobachevsky, D. Mendeleev, I. Pavlov and others worked at the Academy. By the beginning of 1917, thanks to the activities of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Russia had become one of the leaders in such sciences as mathematics, chemistry, biology, geology, physics and astronomy.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733135052.pdf
Number of views: 35      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Using the example of the church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in the peripheral town of Tsarevosanchursk, Yaransky district, Vyatka province the life of the Russian Orthodox Parish (XVIII – early XXth centuries) is shown from different sides, both cultural and social. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Tsarevosanchursk served as the center of spiritual and everyday life for the Mari and Russian people who lived in the Vyatka Province. The authors focus on issues of interaction between the clergy and parishioners from the point of view of everyday life: prayers, services, religious processions, and the work of church schools, the formation of the calendar, taking into account the patronal holidays and especially revered icons. It was found that the parish's integration into socio-political processes at the local level was particularly high. The long tenure of parish priests allowed them to be real spiritual fathers of their flock, knowing the needs and aspirations of their parishioners. Despite various manifestations of abnormal behavior of parishioners and serious social changes in the post-reform period, the parish, as a whole, performed consolidating, moral, educational, and enlightenment functions. The authors deduce that the emergence of an Orthodox society in a provincial town had an impact on the socio-cultural like of the population and influenced the formation of spiritual and moral values that determine everyday life and morality. For the first time, the Chronicle of the Tsarevosanchursk Vladimir Church from the funds of the Historical Museum of Sanchursk is introduced in to scientific circulation.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053285.pdf
Number of views: 31      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the 250th anniversary of the Russian academician Georg Heinrich Langsdorff. The material was the work of Langsdorf himself, as well as biographical works about him. There were used as research methods – historical-biographical, historiographical and synthesis. Langsdorf, first of all, became famous for being a part of the first Russian expedition to Brazil, organized on the instructions of the Russian government. He became not only its organizer, but also its leader, as he had relevant experience in I.F. Kruzenshtern's world tour. The purpose of this expedition was to study the geography, flora and fauna of Brazil, as well as to collect scientific data that could be useful for other researchers. The academician and his team conducted extensive research in different regions of Brazil, collecting collections of plants and animals. He worked in fields such as botany, zoology and ethnography, establishing contacts with local people and studying their culture. Langsdorf became famous for his works in which he described species of plants and animals unknown to European scientists. He was also the first to introduce taxonomy for many species of South American flora and fauna. His works have been published in various scientific publications and have influenced the development of natural sciences in Russia. After returning from Brazil in 1823, Langsdorf continued his scientific activities, taught at universities and actively collaborated with various scientific institutions. He is considered the founder of many areas in botany and zoology in Russia, and his work became the basis for future research. Langsdorf left a significant legacy in the field of science, and his research on Brazil continues to be valuable for understanding the biodiversity of this unique country. His contribution to the development of ethnographic knowledge, namely the study of South American aboriginal tribes, is also invaluable.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053374.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the first Russian expedition to Brazil. There were used as materials the works on this topic, as well as biographical descriptions of the expedition participants. Methods such as content analysis, historical-system method, synthesis method, classification method, etc. were applied. The objectives of the expedition were to study the geographical and climatic conditions of Brazil, to conduct naturalistic observations of the local flora and fauna, to establish scientific and cultural ties with the local population and representatives of European countries located in this region. The expedition set off from Russia via Europe, then visited several Western European countries before heading to Brazil. After arriving in Brazil, the team split into small groups to study the various regions of the country more thoroughly. Each group collected plant and animal samples, explored local ecosystems and interacted with local tribes, which allowed them to create unique data on the culture and life of indigenous peoples. The results of the expedition were significant. Scientists have collected thousands of plant and animal samples, many of which were first described for science. Research in the field of ecology also marked the beginning of new directions in biology. The expedition has discovered new names in science. Russian Russian expedition to Brazil was a turning point in the history of Russian science. This event was preceded by long preparatory work, and the results of the expedition had a profound impact on the development of science in Russia, as well as contributed to the dissemination of knowledge about Brazil. The names of its participants, such as Langsdorf, Florence, Rugendas, Rigel, Menetrier, Drez, etc., became the property of the world scientific gallery of fame.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053438.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the procedure for the administration of civil justice in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The research is based on such topics as: consideration of issues related to the stage of the Finnish lands becoming part of the Russian Empire, the position and status of the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Empire, the specifics of the local legislation of the region in the field of regulating the judicial system of the region, as well as key parameters of the administration of civil proceedings in the Grand Duchy. The authors pay sufficient attention to the issues of substantiating the reasons for the special autonomous status of the Finnish lands within the Russian state and the formation of local Finnish legislation in this regard. The authors have studied in detail the key normative legal acts of the Grand Duchy of Finland. The researchers are particularly interested in the legislation regulating the judicial system of this region. The central issue of the study is the organization of the judicial system and the procedure for the administration of civil proceedings in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The multi-stage system of Finnish courts and the issues of competence and jurisdiction of civil cases to the courts were studied in detail. In addition, the requirements for persons applying for judicial positions were considered. As a result, special characteristic features of the civil process carried out on the territory of Finland during its entry into the Russian Empire, its basic principles and key features were highlighted. The article draws conclusions regarding the comparison of the level of development of judicial proceedings in the Grand Duchy of Finland and the main part of the Russian Empire, as well as the level of accessibility of judicial protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the studied region.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053555.pdf
Number of views: 23      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is dedicated to slaves who hand no ties to the Russian Empire, but were coming into its territory from Central Asia in the first half of the 19th century. Based on the documents of the Orenburg Military Governor we make a conclusion that the number of such slaves was quite large. Although information for only 6 years, 1813, 1823 and 1846–1849 was analyzed (in the last case – only for a single border fort), we found more than 20 “Persians”, “Uzbeks”, and “Kazylbash” etc. who ran from enslavement in the Steppe to the border of the Russian Empire. The analysis of the preserved information about these people, including personal testimonies of some of them, allows to speak that among them members of Iranian world were prevalent. They were likely forced to flee to Russia, because escape to their homeland was too risky for them (at least, one of them mentioned it himself). The vast majority of such slaves, having made it to Russian Empire, expressed a desire to return back home, although 2 people (who grew in captivity) preferred to remain in Astrakhan. For Russian officials, liberation of such slaves wasn’t a priority until 1851. This is why, it seems, summary statistics about them wasn’t maintained, and in public the attention was much more drawn to “Russian captives”. Russian officials did not undertake any special actions to liberate such slaves at that time, even in the part of the Steppe they formally controlled. Nevertheless, foreign fugitive slaves were sent to Astrakhan at state expense, and some were even bought new clothes. Only in 1851 the situation changed: Orenburg and Samara General-Governor V.A. Perovsky issued a decree that forbade under strict sanctions (up to exile to Siberia) possession of captives for the nomads loyal to Russia.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053591.pdf
Number of views: 27      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article explores the historiosophic foundations of the Polish national movement in the Russian Empire in the concept of the Polish thinker August Czeszkowski (1814–1894), a representative of the Polish “national philosophy” and one of the creators of the “philosophy of action”. Having witnessed the suppression of the Polish national movement by the Russian monarchy, Czeczkowski was one of those Polish philosophers who sought to awaken in his people the desire for active social and political action. Czeczkowski's historiosophic thought synthesized a modified Hegelian philosophy of history with the author's “philosophy of action”. In the Polish thinker's conception, religion fulfills such functions as metaphysical (as the third stage in the development of history), epistemological (as a condition for comprehending the logic of the historical process) and praxiological. The last of them is considered in more detail, because it reflects the fundamental historiosophic idea: religion calls for action aimed at the transformation of the world and the establishment of the kingdom of God. At the same time, Czeszkowski's historiosophic concept departs significantly from the Hegelian system: Spirit, as the principle of historical development, has a material element, which, in turn, is the basis for the “rehabilitation” of matter and the religious justification of earthly, “worldly” human activity. Thus, Czeczkowski's panentheism, synthesizing classical theism with pantheism, makes possible the joint action of a personal God and a free man capable of taking responsibility for the fate of the world.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053684.pdf
Number of views: 28      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article examines the economic and demographic evolution of rural settlements in the Black Earth Center of Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries using the example of Orthodox parishes in the village of Dankovo in the Voronezh Region and the villages of Navesnoye and Panikovets in the Oryol Provinces. Particular emphasis is placed on their historical path from an insufficiently developed and sparsely populated region to a fully developed territory with signs of agrarian overpopulation and a crisis in agriculture (demoecological crisis). The main methodology of the work consists in a comprehensive study of the material of the main archives of the Russian Federation: (RGADA, Moscow) and St. Petersburg (RGIA), as well as in the regional archives of Voronezh (GAVO), Orel (GAOO) and Lipetsk (GALO). Traditional scientific methods (comparative-historical, system analysis, structural approach, etc.) were used in the study of archival documents. Thanks to the use of mathematical and statistical methods, a wide layer of historical information was processed, expressed in tables, diagrams, etc. The main conclusion put forward is that in the second half of the 19th century the area under study was transformed into a developed agrarian region, but the preservation of old farming methods and agricultural technology with limited natural resources, combined with high population growth rates, resulted in a demographic and ecological crisis. An attempt to overcome the negative trends of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries through agrarian reforms turned out to be of little use. This occurred for a number of objective reasons, for example, the rapid natural increase in the village population with limited quotas for peasant resettlement, i.e., it was physically impossible to satisfy the villagers' needs for land. In addition, external factors played a role, primarily the First World War, when agrarian reforms came to naught and did not allow solving problems in an evolutionary peaceful way. And the events of 1917 and the subsequent Civil War finally changed the usual course of life in the black earth village.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053803.pdf
Number of views: 29      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov (1824–1906), a famous Russian historian, lawyer, critic, and statesman, under whose authoritative opinion many ideas of art and science of the Silver Age of Russian culture were formed. The materials used are biographical and art history works about Stasov's personality, as well as some of his own critical works. The methodological basis is the historiographic method, classification, and synthesis methods. Having received a good legal education and achieved success in the field of legal science, Stasov was also interested in art from his youth. He did not succeed as a composer, but he found application for his talents in the field of criticism, music, literature, painting, and history. In addition to his scientific work, Stasov was an active public and government figure, rose to the rank of privy councilor, was one of the leading employees of the Imperial Public Library, a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts, an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and an ideologist of the Itinerants movement and the “Mighty handful”. Stasov's scientific legacy includes many publications on the history of law, art history, and public life in Russia. His works continue to be relevant and in demand in modern science, and his unconventional view of the obvious and ability to think outside the box have earned him an honorable place among the great Russian scientists and thinkers.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733053864.pdf
Number of views: 25      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article examines the nature of social changes and the social status of the institute of sultans in the Steppe in the context of the administrative and social policy of the Russian government. In preparing the article, archival documents from collection № 6 of the Chancellery of the Orenburg Governor-General (Orenburg, Russian Federation), collection № 4 of the Regional Government of the Orenburg Kirghiz (Almaty, Kazakhstan), collection № 27 of the Director of Public Schools of the Turgai Region of the Orenburg Educational District (Almaty, Kazakhstan) and collections of published documents were used. The documentary materials used for analysis contain important information that makes it possible to fully assess the state of Kazakh society in the imperial period, the level of their development, and will allow tracing the genesis and characterizing typological features. Using the example of legislative acts, the authors analyze various legal and social advantages of sultans in traditional Kazakh society and during the period of Russian rule in the XIX century. To solve the problem posed in the article, general scientific principles were used – objectivity, historicism and consistency. The authors note that as a result of the administrative-territorial measures carried out by the Russian government, new administrative institutions and state organizations were created in the Kazakh nomadic society, which contributed to the change in the socio-class structure of Kazakh society. The authors come to the conclusion that the spread of secular education in the territory of Kazakhstan was an important factor in the establishment of the sultans in the administrative apparatus - having received an education in the educational institutions of the Russian Empire, the sultans played an important role in the development of society, performing official functions in the civil and military bureaucratic structure.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054138.pdf
Number of views: 39      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the historical experience of developing the salt industry and supplying salt to the population of Eastern Siberia in the 19th – early 20th centuries using materials from the Yenisei province. It is shown that the state kept these issues under control, since they actually had strategic importance in the context of the ongoing development of the region. Populated areas could become depopulated due to a shortage or excessive cost of such a vital consumer item as salt. The government assumed high costs for the delivery and sale of salt in remote stores and stands to avoid this. Attempts by the treasury to relieve itself of the burden of these costs, as well as to carry out technical modernization of the industry through private capital investment were unsuccessful. Siberian entrepreneurs sought to extract quick profits; they were not attracted by the obligations to ensure the constant availability of salt reserves and sell it at a fixed price. Local deposits of rock salt were not explored until the 20th century, despite the fact that salt was a scarce commodity. The weakness of the salt industry did not contribute to the development of other industries (for example, cattle breeding, tannery, fishing, etc.) in turn. The local salt industry was in its infancy in the pre-reform period and could not compete with products from suppliers in European Russia in the post-reform period. Prices for consumers for this vital product were always higher here than in other regions of the country.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054189.pdf
Number of views: 33      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article studies the problem of providing rural clergy with land plots in the Yenisei, Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk dioceses in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The main sources of land allocation to rural volosts in the XIX century are revealed. Rural clergy could receive land plots from the Siberian administration, Cossack section, by the verdicts of village societies, and church lands could be allocated in preparation of resettlement plots. The land plots transferred to the churches became the property of the church. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, a large part of parishes did not receive land plots. Such landless parishes could sometimes receive land by voluntary decision of the parishioners, but in this situation the land was give to the parishioners only for use, sometimes for a certain period of time, and could not firmly provide income for the village clergy. The land reform in Siberia at the turn of the 19–20th centuries had a signification impact on the land use in rural clergy. In the course of this reform landless churches received land plots, and churches with small land plots received additional land additions. As a result, by the beginning of World War I, 90 % of rural parishes in the Yenisei, Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk dioceses had land plots. Even through the land reform in Siberia was not completed before the February Revolution of 1917, by 1913–1915 the proportion of landless parishes was only slightly above 4 %. At the same time, almost 2/3 of the parishes were provided with land according to the maximum norm of 99 dessiatinas or even more.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054232.pdf
Number of views: 31      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the life and creative path of Anna Mikhailovna Evreinova (1844–1917), the first Russian woman to receive a higher legal education and a Doctor of law degree in the field of jurisprudence. The authors note that the biography of A.M. Evreinova is closely connected with the feminist movement that swept the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX century, the most important task of which was the formation of women's education, including higher education. The authors studied the biography of A.M. Evreinova, identified the main stages of her professional activity, determined her contribution to the development of legal science and the women's movement in Russia. The paper notes that despite Yereinova's high-quality education and high professionalism, the legislation of the Russian Empire did not allow her to fully implement her knowledge in practice. Access to public service for women was closed, so it was in scientific and social activities that her legal ambitions were realized. The article examines her activities as the founder and the first literary editor of the journal “Severny Vestnik”, which created a platform for discussing topical issues related to women's rights and problems of social justice. The analysis of A.M. Evreinova's scientific works in the field of customary law of Slavic peoples showed her professional competence as a scientist.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054281.pdf
Number of views: 32      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The imperial policy of the 2nd half of the 19th century, aimed at integrating the Caucasus into the sociocultural space of Russia, was based on the spread of the Russian language and the Orthodox faith, which served as the ideological basis of statehood. During this period, the Russian cultural and linguistic space expanded in the North Caucasus, the educational system was formalized and developed, the first theaters and public libraries were opened. The spread of the Russian language and culture was facilitated by the development of the primary and secondary education system, the creation of schools accessible to the mountain population. The educational process was conducted mainly in Russian. Local languages received limited use in it. Along with a fairly tough line on the integration and Russification of the Caucasus, a policy was pursued that implied non-interference in the life of mountain communities. Management decisions were made based on respect for the religion, language and cultural traditions of indigenous peoples. Studying the Russian language increased the status of the highlander in local communities, opened up new prospects for personal growth, expanded the space for interethnic dialogue and made it possible to go beyond local tradition. All this formed the interest of the peoples of the North Caucasus to receive education in Russian. In general, the imperial policy of this period contributed to the inclusion of mountain elites in the system of public administration, the involvement of their children in education in the educational institutions being formed, and the modernization of all spheres of life, culture and everyday life. Integration and modernization took place most actively in cities and frontier zones, where there was active interaction between Russian and local peoples. However, the majority of the mountain population still existed within closed patriarchal communities and was to a small extent affected by these processes.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054329.pdf
Number of views: 28      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This work is focused on the representation of Sir Frederick S. Rogers (1847–1908) in the museum collection of Cherkas Global University. The materials for this study included the items of material culture (a sword and badges) of the Masonic Order of the Knights Templar which are in Cherkas Global University’s collection. Methodologically, use was made of the biographical method, to create a general biographical sketch of the life of F.S. Rogers, and of the historical reconstruction method, to produce a detailed portraiture of the outfit of an officer of Monroe Commandery No. 12 as of 1900. The study’s findings revealed that one of the items of material culture left behind by F.S. Rogers (1847–1908) is the sword (individual No. 007/KT005) currently housed in the museum collection of Cherkas Global University. This sword was manufactured circa the 1880s in his city of residence – Rochester, New York. The study established that the sword’s owner was a member of Monroe Commandery No. 12, Knights Templar, stationed at Rochester, New York, and was a Knight at the time of the sword’s manufacture. In 1899, F.S. Rogers was elected to the post of Eminent Commander of Monroe Commandery No. 12. He was appointed to the post of Past Eminent Commander in 1900.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054375.pdf
Number of views: 29      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Sergei Osipovich Makarov – shipbuilder, oceanographer, geographer, vice admiral and naval leader of the Russian Empire of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. Activities of S.O. Makarova is multifaceted and has high significance from the position of the intellectual Russian Empire in posing and solving problems in the field of domestic northern studies. The article analyzes the fundamental and applied research and educational activities of Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov, associated with the effective development of the Arctic and strengthening the position of the Russian state in this region. Based on the analysis of historical sources using an evidence-based approach, based on the lectures of S.O. Makarov, archival documents (1897–1903), as well as books by S.O. Makarov’s “Analysis of the elements that make up the combat power of ships” (1894) and “Reflections on issues of naval tactics” (1897), the intellectual (fundamental and applied) factors in the development of the Arctic territories, science, technology, and the formation of the Russian Empire are identified. S.O. Makarov's innovative approaches to the development of domestic shipbuilding and naval tactics are emphasized, which laid the foundation for the further development of Arctic research and the icebreaker fleet for the next centuries. The importance of technical developments is due to the specifics of the Russian North, its complex and severe climatic and natural conditions. The importance of developing new approaches to conducting polar research is assessed, both from the point of view of technical equipment and from the educational and methodological standpoint, including for the training of qualified personnel for naval military affairs. The applied aspects of the northern studies of Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov related to the organization of polar expeditions on the Russian icebreaker Ermak, their results and impact on world and domestic science are considered. The main points of intellectual history in the field of Russian northern studies related to the activities of S. O. Makarov, through studying the history of Russian scientific and technical achievements in shipbuilding, navigation, academic works in the field of oceanography, technology and naval affairs. The discovery in his research of new principles for the development of the harsh Northern and Arctic territories of the Russian Empire is noted.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054619.pdf
Number of views: 29      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The Caspian flotilla played an important role in the events in Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century. First of all, in the Khiva and Akhal-Teke campaigns of General Skobelev, where it provided the rear for Russian troops. And in military transportation across the Caspian Sea of this period, the sailing barges built in Votkinsk played a significant role. However, four barges were decommissioned almost immediately after construction, which does not fit with the information about their high demand. In order to identify the causes, a reconstruction of the biographies of the Votkinsk sailing barges of the 1850–1860s is carried out. The previously proposed author's method for reconstructing the biographies of ships based on the movement of personnel has successfully passed verification based on the materials of the renaming of the Caspian flotilla ships. The idea of ordering a series of reduced 120-foot sailing sea barges from the Votkinsk plant by the Naval Ministry should be recognized as unsuccessful. Testing of the barges in sea conditions showed their complete unsuitability for these purposes. As a result, all four barges were used as cargo barges in the Volga delta, but due to the adoption of fairly successful pontoon rafts, they were forced to be decommissioned just a few years after the start of their service. As a result, they did not work out their intended resource at all and were practically not reflected in naval literature.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054880.pdf
Number of views: 23      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Questions of the relationship between the mentality of the Siberian intelligentsia of the 19th century and its way of life, in which it found its direct manifestation, are discussed in this article. The specifics of the economic, cultural and social development of Siberia determined the peculiarities of the mentality of the local intelligentsia, whose lifestyle was formed in accordance with their understanding of their sense of duty. The intelligentsia saw their duty in creating a general educational space in Siberia, which, in turn, was supposed to ensure the cultural progressive development of the region. Understanding the impossibility of ensuring the prosperity of Siberia without the presence of the local intelligentsia contributed to its concentration of its efforts on educational activities, which were designed to cover the widest possible segments of the population. The forms of educational activity were the unification of the intelligentsia in various societies, circles, theater, collection, and exhibition activities, which were an essential part of their way of life. To solve their material problems, the intelligentsia was forced to engage in labor activity, but devoted their leisure time to hobbies, which most often developed and were considered within the framework of public service. The selfless, ascetic activity of the Siberian intelligentsia was determined by its intellectual abilities and moral qualities, which, influencing its way of life, also expressed its mentality.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054934.pdf
Number of views: 31      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the latest domestic historiography devoted to the study of government policy and social thought in relation to the North-Western Territory and the Baltic provinces in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. New trends and research approaches in the study of this issue have been identified, presented in the current format of journal scientific publications. It is noted that modern research retains echoes of discussions of previous decades about the role of the imperial center in the development of national outskirts, attempts continue to determine the reasons for the turn in the national policy of the Russian Empire in the late imperial period, new subjects are being developed related to identifying the degree of public influence on the process of making management decisions in in relation to the northwestern marginal regions. It is concluded that in the latest scientific literature there is a noticeable tendency to identify the unification aspirations of the Russian authorities, aimed at erasing the legal and administrative differences between the western outskirts and the central provinces of Russia. At the same time, the focus of research attention is increasingly focused on the efforts of the Russian administration aimed at supporting and developing local non-dominant ethnic groups, as well as representatives of the titular nation who find themselves on the outskirts in the position of a national minority. The approach proposed in this historiographical review, which assumes the northwestern outlying regions of the Russian Empire as an object of intellectual consideration and scientific understanding, as a single space, the integrity of which was determined by the use of common integrative practices, as well as the integrity of its perception in Russian social thought, opens up for researchers new opportunities for the use of comparative methods in the study of this region.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733054986.pdf
Number of views: 25      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article is devoted to the study of the issue of the gradual formation of the institution of jurors in the Russian Empire. The authors considered the influence of the Renaissance on the development of the criminal justice system both in Western European countries and in the Russian Empire, in particular. In the course of the work, the writings of the leading philosophers of the Enlightenment were studied, as well as a document that was, among other things, compiled on the basis of these writings, namely the “Mandate” of Catherine II, in which the Empress reflected a number of paramount theses aimed at establishing a new path of development of the Russian Empire. The authors of the article also consistently analyzed the ideas of reforming the judicial system of the Russian Empire in terms of introducing jurors as participants in criminal proceedings, starting from the reign of Empress Catherine II. Special attention was paid to the topic of the organization of the institute of jurors and the analysis of their activities as participants in criminal proceedings after the judicial reform of 1864, in particular the regulatory regulation of their activities. The authors formulated the key stages of the process of formation of the institution of jurors within the judicial system of the Russian Empire. In the course of this study, the authors also analyzed a number of high-profile trials considered with the participation of jurors, such as the trial of Vera Zasulich and the case of Cronenberg et al. When analyzing these trials, the authors clearly illustrated their influence and importance in the sphere of the level of development of the legal consciousness of the population of the Russian Empire, citizens who were contemporaries of these events, on the basis of which some conclusions were formulated regarding the organization of the institute of jurors in the Russian Empire, as well as its strong and weak characteristics.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733055040.pdf
Number of views: 24      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The emergence of the foundations of district psychiatric health care in the late 80s of the XIX century affects many important elements of building a new system: from organization and administration, training of specialists to treatment methods and the treatment specifics of mentally ill patients. At each stage in the development of the system, zemstvo/district institutions overcome significant difficulties associated with limited funding, lack of specialists, and shortcomings in organizational and managerial mechanisms of work. Referring to documentary sources and written testimonies of direct participants in the organizational and therapeutic processes allows us to consider in detail the development dynamics of each system element, defining key tasks such as expanding the base of psychiatric care through the construction of new hospitals, creating agricultural colonies of family-based care and promotion towards family-based patronage as optimal ways of rehabilitation and socialization of mentally ill patients. It seems that addressing the topic of the organization and management of zemstvo/district psychiatric hospitals creates the entire picture of events in the period under study, identifies gaps in legislative regulation and the specific reaction of the psychiatric community to the actual change in the tasks of medical activity towards administrative supervision and protection of public order. The psychiatric health care development in the period after the reform of provincial assemblies (the zemstvo period) affects important aspects of providing assistance that are related to ensuring the tasks of its accessibility, ideas of humanistic treatment, excluding violence and prolonged isolation, as well as opportunities for gradual socialization through involvement in feasible work and free living of patients. The humanistic mission of psychiatric doctors in the zemstvo period becomes a link between all elements of the system, contributing to the actualization of issues of medical care at the local level.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733055102.pdf
Number of views: 25      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The authors analyze the importance of Orthodox monasteries and temples of the Penza diocese as centers of regional identity formation. Orthodox monasteries and temples of the Penza diocese occupied an important place in the symbolic complex forming the structure of the local myth. In addition, they acted as the formation of the external identity of the region, since they were perceived by outside observers as the main attractions of settlements. The Orthodox monasteries of the Penza diocese also played an important role in the process of representing the image of the region beyond its borders, being the center of attraction for worshippers. Monasteries and temples played a significant role in the formation of cultural and educational space in the Penza province. They not only served as centers of religious practice, but also as educational institutions, cultural heritage centers and places of social assistance. The monasteries of the Penza diocese carried out extensive social and charitable service. Orthodox monasteries and temples that existed on the territory of the Penza Region contributed to the symbolic design of both internal (self-identification) and external (objective) the sides of regional identity.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733055149.pdf
Number of views: 38      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The subject of the research is the legal status of sons-in-law-adoptees in a peasant family in the Arkhangelsk province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The unique development of the northern region of Russia, consisting in the absence of serfdom and special communal relations, determined the features of the customary legal regulation of peasant legal relations in general, and, in particular, family relations. The legislative uncertainty of the legal status of members of a peasant family predetermined the spread of customs regulating this area of relations in this territory. The reception of a son-in-law-adoptee by the bride's parents after the wedding or, if necessary, by the widow of the adopter, an adult worker, on the rights of a householder, was formalized by contracts, spiritual wills, various regulations defining the purpose, conditions of reception, rights and obligations of the parties. Unscrupulous performance of duties by members of a peasant family led to disputes and disagreements, for the resolution of which the parties applied to the volost peasant court, which more often resolved such family cases, bringing the parties to a settlement agreement. Based on an understanding of archival documents, as well as pre-revolutionary periodicals, conclusions are substantiated about the economic purpose of accepting a son-in-law-adoptee into the family, his responsibilities for the maintenance of adoptive parents, as well as inheritance rights after their death.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733055250.pdf
Number of views: 25      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The work is devoted to the study of the documentary heritage created by the Russian military, historians and administrators, as well as by the leader of the uprising Kenesary Kasimov during the national liberation movement in the Kazakh steppe in the 20-40s of the XIX century. In pre-revolutionary Russian historiography, these events were regarded as the rebellion of the rebellious Sultan Kenesary Kasimov. According to archival documents, the authors trace the course of the uprising, the participation of the main actors in it, the goals and objectives that they set for themselves. The paper raises the actual problem of constructing historical discourse by the Russian administration in relation to the indigenous population of the Kazakh steppe. The deconstruction of discourse is given, that is, the understanding of the text through the destruction of myths, and the discursive analysis of texts. The central concept of the work is discourse, that is, a set of statements that generate mental images. The authors move from the texts and the situation of the creation of these documents to the reaction and perception by other participants – the central and regional authorities, local Kazakh elites. According to the documents, the desire of the Russian administration to ideologically unite Kazakhs and Russians in the fight against the rebellion of Kenesary Kasymov is traced. In general, the historical discourse was intended to present the events as joint actions of Russians and Kazakhs against the rebel sultan. The documentary discourse shows that the Russian administration has done everything possible, on the one hand, to legitimize its actions, on the other hand, to shift the burden of the struggle against Kenesary, including military and financial, onto the Kazakhs themselves. Thus, armed Russian detachments are equipped with funds collected from the local population – from a kibitosh collection. In addition, Kazakh fighters are included in the armed detachments to fight Kenesary. Also, the duty of forming military detachments of Kazakhs is assigned to the sultans themselves, the rulers who became officials of the imperial administration in the Kazakh steppe and received Russian military ranks.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733055758.pdf
Number of views: 29      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The potential of modern Russian historical science allows us to carry out an extremely relevant study of the socio-cultural and regional specifics of the functioning of the domestic education system in the past. The development of the education system in Russia, and, in particular, the primary level in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, especially in the northern territories remote from the administrative center, was determined by active state activity in this area. Today, there is an increase in scientific interest not only among representatives of pedagogical science, but also among the historical community in the development and functioning of the pre-revolutionary education system in the northern Komi region from the 1870s to the revolutionary events of the first quarter of the 20th century. The identification and study of historical and ethnic experience accumulated in this area is of great importance, it allows us to determine not only the pre-revolutionary state policy on education in the territories of national outskirts, but also the level of literacy of the population, the peculiarities of the organization of the educational process, the material equipment of educational institutions, the composition and level of education of teaching staff, etc. Among the types of primary schools common in the Zyryan land were ministerial, zemstvo, parochial and literacy schools. During the period under review, zemstvo institutions made a significant contribution to the development of primary schools in Komi. The shortcomings in the implementation of primary education include the lack of a unified structure, the heterogeneity of the system of primary educational institutions, the lack of a single governing body for educational structures, different departmental subordination, and, accordingly, a different list of studied academic disciplines, as well as the duration of training.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733135215.pdf
Number of views: 38      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is devoted to the issue of the participation of clergy in the education of the population of the Russian Empire on the territory of Siberia during the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Publications from the newspaper “Yenisei Diocesan Gazette” were selected as representative material for this topic. During the study, detailed attention was paid to such representative materials as publications of teacher I.T. Savenkov and a detailed report on the activities of the diocese in the field of public education for 1889. The study confirms the importance of the clergy in education: in addition to missionary activities to disseminate Christian Orthodox teachings in the northern and Siberian territories of the Russian Empire, Orthodox clergy carried out other important forms of social activity. The materials from the publication of the “Yenisei Diocesan Gazette” are considered in the article as a historical source that reveals the features of the educational activities of clergy in the territory of Siberia at the end. XIX – early XX centuries in the context of the history of the development of public education in the Yenisei province. Orthodox clergy not only organized the creation of schools and provided them with literature, but also took on the duties of teachers of even disciplines of secular knowledge, often free of charge, thereby spreading the ideals of Christian charity in their practical affairs.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733055894.pdf
Number of views: 30      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the experience of women's participation in the activities of the Society for the Care of Sick and Wounded Soldiers on the example of its Penza department. Special attention is paid to the social volunteering of women of different classes within the framework of the Penza Community of Sisters of Charity in the name of St. Olga. The source base of the study was the materials of the paperwork of the Penza department of the Society for the Care of Sick and Wounded Soldiers, regulating the issues of joining the Society as sisters of charity, articles of the provincial periodicals on the activities of the local ladies' club at the Society, as well as a report on the activities of the local Community of Sisters of Charity. The issues of joining the Society, training sisters of charity, the activities of the ladies' club and the local Community of Sisters of Charity are investigated. The direct participation of Penza noblemen in caring for sick and wounded soldiers was a reference model of behavior that formed new social standards. The willingness of ladies, not burdened with material worries, to serve society and take care of its good contributed to the formation of social responsibility and the spiritual and moral identity of the local community. The analysis of the petitions of the Penza provincials on the issue of joining the sisters of charity allowed to analyze the motives, social and age structure. It is noted that the possibility of active empathy forms a new image of a woman of the post-reform period and opens up prospects for her social realization. It has been revealed that the internal and external challenges of the post-reform period provoked a wave of patriotic feelings, which contributed to the consolidation of Russian society and the formation of new models of interaction between the authorities and public.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733058083.pdf
Number of views: 28      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article analyzes the toponymic bindings that accompanied the dating of the diary entries of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich. Since the author, a prominent representative of the Russian Imperial House, who was successor to the throne for some time, became a major military, state and public figure, his diaries should be recognized as a particularly valuable historical source. It is indicated exactly how the Grand Duke made bindings to the area where he was on a particular day, including during his travels. A comparison is made of the toponymic bindings given by Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich with the presence and peculiarities of such bindings in the diaries of his closest relatives – parents (Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna), brothers (Emperor Nicholas II and Tsesarevich George Alexandrovich) and sisters (Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna and Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna). The diaries of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich and his relatives have been deposited in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, in the personal provenance funds of the authors. Based on the comparative analysis, the greatest similarity of the style of toponymic bindings characteristic of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich is revealed with similar bindings of his father, Emperor Alexander III, and his younger sister, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, which confirms the statements found in the literature about the monarch’s particularly close relations with younger children. The article is illustrated with fragments of the diaries of members of the Russian Imperial House. The study was conducted as part of a project of the Russian Science Foundation aimed at preparing for the scientific publication of the previously unpublished full text of the diary entries of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich during the years when he was successor to the throne.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056007.pdf
Number of views: 23      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article studies the history of aeronautics in the Russian Empire in the 1880s and the influence of this period on the formation of the Imperial Air Force in 1911. Based on the source analysis, the main lines of development of aeronautical military equipment in the Russian Empire in the 1880s, as well as the activities of key historical figures – P.A. Klinder, O.S. Kostovich and V.D. Spitsyn – on the creation of the Russian Society of Aeronautics in 1880, which in December of the same year, through their efforts, was transformed into the VII Aeronautics Department of the Imperial Russian Technical Society. Conclusions are made about the influence of historical events of the 1880s on the creation of the Imperial Air Force in 1911, the chief of which was Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. It is shown that the basic ideas for the formation of the Imperial Air Force were laid down and developed in the 1880s, which was reflected in technical and publishing activities, recorded, among other things, in articles and correspondence of the Journal “Vozduhoplavatel'” (publisher Major General P.A. Klinder). The history of aeronautics in the context of the history of science and technology of the Russian Empire in the 1880s is associated with its institutionalization, when the urgent need to solve state problems of scientific and technical development leads to the progressive transformation of aeronautics into a serious area of research related to the development of military technical equipment of the Russian army. Engineering and technical solutions created in these years are associated with the transition of design from balloons to heavier-than-air devices, including the first airplanes.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056082.pdf
Number of views: 24      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article examines the practice of gendarmerie officials supervising the students of the city of Tomsk from the moment the first university appeared in the city until 1905. The choice of Tomsk is due to the fact that the first higher educational institution beyond the Urals, the Imperial Tomsk University, was opened there, which allowed Tomsk to turn into a major scientific and educational center of the Siberian region. Tomsk students played a big role in the life of the city and the entire region, took an active part in social and political life. The gendarmerie, which defended the Russian autocracy, closely monitored the student movement and took measures to combat it. In the course of the conducted research, it was possible to establish the causes of student protests in Tomsk and their participants, the main forms of student protests. It was also possible to determine the view of the gendarmes on the student movement, the degree of participation of the gendarmerie in restoring order during student unrest, and the proposals of the gendarmes to combat this phenomenon were identified. The main sources for writing this article are materials from the collections of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the State Archive of the Tomsk Region, most of which were first introduced into scientific circulation. When working with historical sources, such scientific methods as narrative, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were actively used.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733217381.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The problem of how empires ruled in new territories remains significant. The Russian Empire chose the path of incorporating local elites into the regional power hierarchy. Using the biography of Qadi Bakhauddin Khodja Hussein Khodja allows us to explore the models of governance of the Russian Empire and its collaboration with local elites in Turkestan. Examination of various stages of the Qadi makes it possible to analyze the policy of imperial power in dynamics. The tsarist administration took a pragmatic approach to governance, as maintaining control in the region was a priority. Qadi Bakhauddin Khodja Hussein Khodja emerges as a figure trying to balance between loyalty to the Russian authority and the intention of preserving his independence in local affairs. His biography shows the adaptation of local elites to new political realities to maintain their influence. Knowledge of Sharia and an official position enabled Qadi Bakhauddin Khodja to strengthen his position in society. This situation was unreliable, as the confrontation between different groups for the place of the parties was constant. In these conditions, the elites resorted to various methods to achieve their goals. This study helps to reveal the complex and diverse aspects of imperial governance in Turkestan. The biography of Qadi reflects not only his own strategies of adaptation but also transformation processes of the political institutions in the region, where the interests of the state and local social groups were intertwined.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733135339.pdf
Number of views: 33      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This material is devoted to identifying the directions in understanding the essence of the political and legal ideology of Siberian regionalism within the framework of a set of works by Irkutsk scientists. In methodological terms, the study relies on the approaches of historical and typological tools, which are aimed at identifying narratives in the historiography of a separate topic, in our case – the ideology of Siberian regionalism (democratic regionalism). The theoretical basis of the work is the body of research works of East Siberian researchers published in the 21st century. The authors note that in understanding the ideology of Siberian regionalism as a political phenomenon, one can talk about a number of traditions, approaches and even schools. This is not surprising, because the past and present of the Asian part of Russia are difficult to consider in isolation from the socio-political movement of regionalists. Therefore, in many cities of the "Eastern outskirts" this line of thought is the subject of scientific knowledge. The article establishes that Irkutsk scientists have accumulated solid experience in comprehending the essence of the regionalist program. Glorious traditions in understanding the true integrative nature of the political doctrine of regionalists are presented today in numerous publications by L.M. Dameshek, I.L. Dameshek, A.A. Ivanova, Yu.A. Zulyar, A.S. Madzharova, V.N. Kazarina, S.I. Goldfarb, and others. The authors state that a certain center for the study of Siberian democratic regionalism has been formed in Irkutsk. The basis for the formation of the East Siberian school of studying the phenomenon of the regionalist program is the continuity of generations and the localization of the work carried out. The approach of this group of researchers is original, which is expressed in the knowledge of general issues of the history of Siberia and the place of the regionalist movement in it.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056399.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article tested the historical facts about the level of education of officials of the Yakutsk region in the late XIX – early XX centuries. We have identified regional peculiarities in the construction of the management system in the North-East of the Russian Empire. The object of the study is civil servants who held positions in the Yakutsk regional administration from 1887 until 1917. We have studied the biographies of clerical officials, assistant head clerks, head clerks, assistant clerks, clerks, secretaries, accountants, treasurers, senior supervisors, officials of special assignments, engineers. The purpose of the study is to establish the level of education of Yakut officials in these positions. The historical source was the formulary lists compiled during the specified chronological period. We have collected archival materials from the archive fund and 12 “Yakut Regional Administration” in the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). We examined more than 40 storage units, in which officials were identified who occupied places from a clerical servant to a position of rank IX inclusive. At the same time, it should be noted that the published lists of ranks in the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other reference manuals contain information only about officials in senior positions and up to the XVIII class. Thus, the information presented in the article is unique and has not been presented anywhere before in historical science. The data on the level of education of employees of the Yakut regional administration from 1887 until 1917 analyzed by using mathematical and statistical methods. It was possible to establish numerically and percentage proportions of officials who were in the service after graduating from higher educational institutions (4.8 %), secondary (43.9 %), primary (41.5 %) and who did not have a certificate of education (9.6).

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056462.pdf
Number of views: 27      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article is devoted to the process of penetration of large Russian and foreign capital into the economy of Central Asia, where on the example of investments of financial and industrial group in different directions of industries in Central Asia. It is shown how the penetration of financial and industrial groups and branches of commercial banks into Turkestan from the 90s of the XIX century decisively changed the economy of Central Asian states. The creation of communications led to the strengthening of links between economically backward regions of the empire and the economy of the metropolis, pulling them into the all-Russian market, the emergence and development of a number of new industries for the region and even the exit of some of them (primarily related to cotton) outside the market of the empire. At the same time, in Turkestan, the Russian government for a long time deliberately restrained private initiatives in railway construction, preventing private capital from acquiring the qualities of an actor alongside the state. Although the government was committed to the construction of railways in the region at the expense of the treasury, from the 1870s it regularly received applications for the right to build railways on the terms of private concessions. It should be concluded that most of the projects preceded state decisions to build a particular railway line in Turkestan, as in the case of the extension of the Transcaspian railway line from Samarkand to Tashkent and Andijan. The role of foreign capital in the regional dimension has been studied in depth. At the same time, railway construction in Turkestan had its own specific features, including a special approach of the state to the participation of private capital in the construction of railways in the region, which in the 1890s resulted in a course of actual restraint of private initiative in this area.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056535.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The adoption of the “Steppe Regulation” in 1891 contributed to the completion of the formation of the Russian model of administrative management in the Kazakh steppe, but did not solve many problems with the practical implementation of local governance. The article attempts to consider the decisions of the Turgai region administration taken to organize the effective work of public institutions of the Kazakh nomadic volosts. The source base of the study was formed by regulatory and legal documents regulating the activities of local government bodies in the Kazakh steppe and office materials from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The mechanisms for implementing the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the national outskirts, in particular on the territory of the Turgai region in the second half of the 19th century are considered based on the methodological guidelines of the new social history and the new imperial history. The introduction of collegial bodies of volost and aul governance in the Kazakh steppe, in its content, extended the model of public administration carried out in the central provinces of the Russian Empire to Kazakh society, but problems arose that required local authorities to make decisions based on the specifics of local conditions. At the local level, there were difficulties in relations with Kazakh public officials, due to their lack of knowledge of the Russian language. Another problematic issue that required a solution, according to Russian officials, was the dominance of family ties in the formation of the apparatus for governing Kazakh nomadic volosts. Through a comparative analysis of the articles of the “Steppe Regulations” of March 25, 1891 and the Instructions to volost governors, aul elders, volost and aul congresses of the Turgai region of 1894, it is examined how these and other issues are resolved, how the model of Russian administrative management is adapted to local characteristics.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056603.pdf
Number of views: 29      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of religiosity in the territory of Yenisei Province. This region was a space of integration of many faiths, therefore, it is relevant to study the interaction of different faiths: Orthodoxy and shamanism, beliefs of indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia, as well as the penetration of foreign religions (in particular, Muslimism, Judaism, Lutheranism and other Christian movements). To achieve this goal, the authors studied the materials of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 and “Statistical Review of Siberia” by Y.A. Gagemeister. The analysis of these sources allowed us to assess the general picture of confessional diversity of Yenisei province, to analyze the quantitative data reflecting the transformation of religiosity. We also studied the materials of the newspaper “Yeniseyskiye yeparkhial'nyye vedomosti”, which was the official printed organ broadcasting reports on missionary and other activities of Orthodox priests. As a result of the research work, the authors recorded a number of factors that determine the specifics of the dynamics of religiosity in Yenisei province. On the one hand, of course, from year to year the growth of Orthodox Christians is recorded both at the expense of immigrants and among the indigenous inhabitants of the region, which is a natural fact, and there is such a factor as active missionary activities of Orthodox priests. But at the same time, significant factors are the peculiarities of the region itself as a space for exiles, as a free land for agrarian development, leads to the growth of the number of representatives of other religious movements, both traditional and non-traditional (mysticism, new sects).

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056655.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
For the first time in scientific historiography, with the involvement of previously unknown archival documents that are stored in the GARF and RGIA, the process of preparing a Meeting chaired by Nicholas II on the revision of Fundamental Laws (April 1906) is considered. The course of the Meeting and its results were greatly influenced by the circumstances of the formation of the Meeting and its composition. The author analyzes the bureaucratic practices inherent in the process of preparing the Meeting. The initiation of the Meeting and the appointment of its members are being studied, which Nicholas II and the S.Y. Witte, were directly involved in. Special attention is paid to the implementation of the function of control over the preparation of the Meeting, which was the competence not only of the tsar and the Prime Minister, but also of P.A. Kharitonov, who was in charge of the office work of the Meeting. The mechanisms of both information support for the activities of the Meeting and business communication between its members and Kharitonov are being investigated. The article considers the political differentiation that manifested itself among the members of the Meeting already at the stage of its preparation, including due to the ideological heterogeneity of the materials that were provided to the monarch and royal dignitaries. It is concluded that the formation and composition of the Meeting testifies to the high level of political culture of the bureaucratic elite of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733163333.pdf
Number of views: 33      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the reflection of complex problems of education in the post-revolutionary period on the pages of the official regional newspaper “Terskiye Vedomosti”. Despite the status of this periodical, articles often appeared on its pages critically highlighting the problems of modern schools, including Gorskaya, the shortcomings of the educational system and the influence of the political situation in the region on the quality of student education. The identified publications emphasized the importance of national education of the mountain peoples and the adaptation of curricula to local peculiarities. Their analysis has allowed us to deepen our understanding of the educational policy pursued in the region. Special attention is paid to the problems of introducing universal primary education, the difficulties in organizing the school network, and the lack of trained local teachers. Specific examples of publications that activate the attention of the public, district and regional administrations to topical issues in the field of education are given. By publishing articles, notes, and essays on the state of children's education in schools on the pages of the Tersk Vedomosti, the editorial board formed an active civic position among readers towards the surrounding reality, contributed to the development of public thought, raised questions about the need to modernize traditional relations, and attracted the advanced part of the population to participate in the transformation of society.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056772.pdf
Number of views: 24      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article analyzes the role of the Simbirsk nobility in the development of the public charity system in the Russian Empire during the early twentieth century, based on a wide range of archival sources and modern historical data a period of significant socio-political transformation. The author discusses various ways in which members of the noble class participated in providing social support for various segments of society, including establishing all-Russian professional educational institutions in the region. The nobility's charitable efforts extended beyond supporting the “first class” and included assistance for other social groups as well. Funds from the most successful members of the nobility supported vocational schools, public canteens, alms houses, and dormitories, and other institutions. During the years of famine and typhus epidemic, a number of representatives of the nobility organized free canteens for the peasants, provided them with clothes and food. By participating in the activities of public organizations, representatives of the nobility promoted the opening of educational institutions for peasant children. General N.D. Seliverstov established a charitable complex in the Simbirsk province, which included an almshouse, a prototype of a modern kindergarten and a school for children of cloth factory workers, a vocational school. In order to preserve the class identity and educate the children of poor nobles of corporate values and moral principles inherent in the “noble estate” at the end of the XIX century, a boarding house was established, maintained at the expense of the provincial noble assembly and the state. A hostel was organized for elderly nobles in need. The financing of charitable assistance was also carried out at the expense of funds received by the noble society for organizing literary evenings and concerts. The amount of financial support provided by benefactors depended largely on the economic status of these individuals. The author comes to the conclusion that the charitable activities of the nobility during this period were predominantly religious in nature.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056823.pdf
Number of views: 24      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article studies the changes in the development of tea trade and tea market of the Russian Empire in the early XX century. It draws attention to the fact that by the end of the XIX century Russia became the world's leading exporter of tea. Relying mainly on archival sources, the key role of tea in the system of customs taxation of the Russian Empire and its importance as the main commodity of mass consumption is analyzed. It is emphasized that the main part of tea imported to the Russian Empire, went by sea through the European borders, although during this period imports of tea through the Asian borders increased significantly. The trade involved imported teas from China, India, Ceylon, as well as Russian teas cultivated in the Caucasus. Baih teas supplied from China, where Russian merchants established numerous tea firms, were in great demand. It is noteworthy that Chinese teas were supplied mainly through Hangzhou, the largest port city in the Russian-Chinese tea trade. Over time, imports of Indian and Ceylon teas increased significantly; despite their higher cost, they gradually displaced Chinese teas due to their higher quality. This shift in consumer preferences emphasized the growing demand for Indian and Ceylon teas in the Russian Empire. The article also discusses the emergence of Russian tea plantations in the Caucasus region, which marked the beginning of domestic tea production to supply the empire's inhabitants. On the eve of the October coup of 1917, the Russian Empire strengthened its position as the main consumer and intermediary of tea in the world market. In conclusion, this study highlights the dynamic evolution of the tea market in the Russian Empire, reflecting consumption patterns and their changes, the dynamics of trade with different tea-producing regions, and the emergence of domestic production.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056885.pdf
Number of views: 28      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The “poteshnie” movement was initiated by Emperor Nicholas II in 1909 with the aim of introducing basic military training in villages. The active phase of the movement spanned five years, during which several stages were completed. In the early stages, “poteshnie” detachments spontaneously formed in both military units and various departments related to children's education. By the middle of 1911, an official regulation was introduced, outlining the guidelines for creating and managing these detachments. In the summer of 1913, the third stage began, where the responsibility for the physical development and initial military training of children shifted to schools. As a result, interested departments redirected their attention to establishing similar activities within schools, while scouts emerged outside educational institutions offering more engaging programs for teenagers. This led to the gradual disappearance of the “poteshnie” movement. The article specifically explores the system of national and patriotic education developed within the framework of the "poteshnie" movement. The paper concludes that while the prevailing view in historiography sees the "poteshnie" as an independent extracurricular children's movement, it is also partially correct to consider them as the initial stage of introducing compulsory gymnastics lessons and the military system in schools. However, it is important to note that the system of national education within the “poteshnie” movement was not fully developed and primarily followed the “official nationality theory” proposed by Uvarov.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733056951.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
River communication has played a crucial role since the beginning of Siberia development. In the early 20th century, during the Russo-Japanese War, it became evident that the capacity of the railway was insufficient to meet the needs of the civilian population as well as the army’s needs in the east. The problem of transport could be partially solved by the river fleet, for which ships were purchased for navigation on Yenisey. After the war, these ships were transferred to the administration of the established Public Steamship Company on the Yenisey River. The ships were to be transferred to private shipping companies. However, the results of the Steamship’s activities confirmed the need for a river connection for the local population: not only for the development of industry and trade, but also for the social and cultural development in the region. As a result, the government has decided to refrain from privateering. The Ministry of Transport has proposed to put the activity of the ferry on commercial bases, which would reduce its dependence on finance from the treasury and bring funds for its further development. The object of this article is a program of transformation of the Public Steamship Company on the Yenisei river, which provided for greater freedom of its commercial activities. The authors note that the activities of the Steamship were supposed to be expanded on those sections of Yenisey where the presence of private steamers was insufficient. Thus, the activities of the public steamship company should not be in competition with private steamers.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733057015.pdf
Number of views: 28      Download in PDF

Abstract:
In the article, the authors study the features of the charitable activities of the Kazakh population during the First World War. The assistance of the Kazakh population was diverse and was expressed both in monetary donations to military hospitals and infirmaries, and in spiritual support for soldiers and their families, in caring for wounded soldiers. Fundraising was mainly carried out during fairs, as well as during a number of cultural events. At the same time, assistance was provided both through government agencies and through various committees and public organizations. In general, the Kazakhs actively collected funds to help the front, while the bulk of cash receipts were voluntary donations. The authors note that the Kazakh periodical press often published information about the assistance provided by the population of Kazakhstan to war participants and war victims. The authors conclude that the intensification of charitable activities of the population of Kazakhstan and the Kazakh intelligentsia in mid-1916 is associated with the processes of mobilizing Kazakhs for rear work in the First World War. Here, the population's assistance was provided through the Foreign Department of Zemgor, which managed to organize the uninterrupted delivery of food, clothing, letters and other correspondence to the front. To send large and heavy loads to the front line, it was only necessary to notify the head of the Foreign Department by telegram in advance. In general, charity played an important role in maintaining the physical and moral strength of the people, and contributed to the strengthening of patriotism and creative upsurge.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733396090.pdf
Number of views: 41      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article highlights important aspects of the results of search and research work with the materials of the newspaper fund of the Russian National Library (St. Petersburg) and documents of the archival funds of Rostov-on-Don, Saratov (southern counties) on the problem of charity and volunteerism during the World War I, which took place in the southern cities of the country. The time frame is the study of social practices that existed in the first years of the war (1914–1915) in the province. The authors consider the forms of information work with the population in war conditions, as well as the agitation appeals of government structures to compatriots typical for this time, who called for unity on the basis of common goals and values. It was revealed that the government encouraged patriotic and philanthropic upsurge in provincial society and co-financed the work of individual charitable associations. The following forms of charitable activity are characterized: financial, material, volunteer, as well as the types of the most common mass actions aimed at solving existing problems of material and financial support for the army and war victims, including from "fraternal Slavic" countries. It is determined that the most effective form of work in the field of philanthropy was the newly created societies and committees of a social orientation at the first stage of the World War. Public structures have become the "pinnacle" for the implementation of joint activities of citizens on a voluntary basis in Rostov-on-Don, Novocherkassk, Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Kuban region. At the same time, the public club fees, which were elementary for the arrangement and cost of implementation, had their effect and provided a worthy contribution to the support of the army and the civilian population in war conditions.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733057147.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The presented study examines the impact of the quality of life of the lower ranks of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War on their combat effectiveness. The research methodology is based on elements of comparative diachronic, genetic and structural analysis. The source base of the work was formed by involving two groups of sources - previously unpublished materials from the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow, Russian Federation) and personal sources. The author concludes that the quality of life significantly affected the combat effectiveness of the lower ranks of the Russian army during the First World War, but for most of this chronological period it was not of decisive importance. Noticeable problems with the equipment of trenches and shelters, shortages of footwear and other items of clothing, living conditions during the movement of large masses of troops, as well as the ability to quickly maintain contact with relatives through correspondence were significantly felt in the active army even before the start of the supply system crisis in late 1916 – early 1917. But until the autumn of 1916, there were no widespread trends in the troops towards a decline in morale, refusal to participate in combat operations, etc. It is also important to note that before the food crisis in the rear in late 1916 – early 1917, problems with the supply of food to the troops were not systemic. Quality of life could only become a critical factor in ensuring the combat readiness of the lower ranks after the beginning of 1917, when the consequences of the general economic crisis associated with the disruption of the supply of basic necessities to the population were superimposed on the general fatigue of servicemen from the protracted nature of the hostilities, associated with the lack of a clear understanding among soldiers and non-commissioned officers of the prospects for ending the conflict in the foreseeable future.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733057217.pdf
Number of views: 26      Download in PDF

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1733396354.pdf
Number of views: 43      Download in PDF