4 December 01, 2025

Abstract:
This article explores the elements of protective armament – specifically the combat helmet of Turkic nomads of Eurasia during the Medieval and Early Modern periods – based on a comprehensive analysis of written, material, and visual sources. The study focuses on examples found in Kazakh heroic epics. The Kazakh folklore data utilized in this research had not previously been introduced into academic discourse or translated into foreign languages. The study identifies original names of combat helmets as described in the images of batyr-warriors depicted in Kazakh heroic epics. It is revealed that during the Medieval and Early Modern periods, Turkic nomadic warriors of Kazakhstan and adjacent territories used combat helmet such as the dulyga. Some traditional male headwear worn by Central Asian Turkic peoples, particularly Kazakhs, during peacetime – such as qalpaq, telpek, borik, and qalqan – acquired military significance due to morphological and typological similarities, and became established in traditional military terminology. Additionally, the examined epics provide information on how the warriors' helmets were worn, certain structural features, external decorations, and other details. These findings show a high degree of correlation with written, material, and visual sources. The epic works under study also describe characteristic features of Oirat warriors' helmets, particularly the dome shape resembling a Buddhist stupa, which is fully consistent with material and visual evidence. Furthermore, it is found that the term qalqan, traditionally meaning “shield”, is used in several epic narratives from Mangystau, the Southern Urals, the Syr Darya region, Central Kazakhstan, and Semirechye to also denote combat helmet.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764674442.pdf
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Abstract:
Historical roads are one of the rather traditional and at the same time not well enough studied topics. The proposed publication examines a peculiar connection – Northern Kazakhstan and the Southern Urals, as two interconnected areas of the functioning of the global road network in Eurasia. This territory as a whole has been included in the system of Eurasian movements since ancient times, but the specifics of the road development is determined by landscape and topographic features. In the steppe, the road routes determine the presence of water sources and fords across rivers, in the mountains – the presence of passes convenient for the passage of pack animals or wheeled transport. Northern Kazakhstan and the Urals are united by the fact that the roads that passed here were mainly transit in nature. These routes connected centers located in Central Asia, Europe and Siberia. The situation changed somewhat in the 18th century AD, when the Orenburg border line emerged and exchange yards were founded in the cities of Orenburg, Orsk, and Troitsk. These exchange yards functioned as large trading centers, where goods were exchanged and sold. In addition, they served as transit points. Thus, goods brought to the Troitsk exchange yard on camels could then be sent to the Makaryevskaya or Irbitskaya fair by horse-drawn convoy. Border trade was accompanied by the involvement of the local population, in particular, the Kazakhs. The Kazakhs were regular participants in trade at exchange yards, bringing cattle for sale, bringing skins. They also were guarding caravans.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764583576.pdf
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Abstract:
This article examines the revival of the institution of tarkhan in Kazakh society, tracing its origins back to ancient times. The study analyzes the terminological meaning of the word tarkhan, the role played by social groups who held this position, their level of social status, as well as the historical foundations and evolution of the tarkhan institution. Among the ancient nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes, such as the Scythians and Magyars, the title of tarkhan was used to refer to judges. During the era of the great Turkic state – the Turkic Khaganate – tarkhans served as high-ranking state and military officials. In the 1740–1750s, the Russian Empire continued its policy toward the Kazakh Khanate, which included, in cooperation with Kazakh khans and sultans, the revival of the medieval Turkic-Mongol office of tarkhan among judges and noble warriors close to the khan’s authority. Tarkhans who had received official charters from the Russian government were granted special rights and privileges, which distinguished them within the social hierarchy of Kazakh society. The possession of such formal documentation enhanced their authority both within the Horde and in the eyes of the imperial administration. Owing to their status, the tarkhans served as intermediaries between the Russian authorities and the steppe population, facilitating the implementation of the Empire’s political and administrative initiatives at the local level. After achieving its key political objectives related to consolidating imperial control over the Kazakh steppes, the Russian government abolished the institution of tarkhan by special decree, considering it obsolete in the context of the newly established system of administrative governance on the annexed territories.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764583664.pdf
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Abstract:
This article explores the role of female rulers in Russian-Kazakh diplomatic communications through the example of Bopai (Batima) Khanym, the wife of Abulkhair Khan. By analyzing the content of diplomatic correspondence, the authors conducted a textological analysis of more than 20 documents, examining forms of communication and the distinctive features of Bopai Khanym’s diplomatic strategy. The research is based on historical sources and archival materials, providing deeper insight into the role of women in the politics and diplomacy of the Kazakh Khanate. The study focuses on Bopai Khanym’s diplomatic correspondence with officials and rulers of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 18th century, reflecting her influence on the political processes of the Kazakh Khanate. The letters are treated as objects of microhistorical, prosopographical, and contextual analysis. The volume of letters to Russian officials significantly increased after the death of her husband, when she, as a fully empowered regent ruler, began addressing both political matters and everyday concerns. Her correspondence serves as an important source for studying the epistolary legacy of Kazakh rulers in the context of intergovernmental communication with the Russian state. The uniqueness of these documents lies in their varying tones and the features of “female” diplomacy, which significantly enrich the study of the epistolary genre. Special attention is paid to the private matters contained in the letters, including economic issues and personal requests. The letters also shed light on topics such as the fate of hostages (amanats), the strengthening of the political status of her husband Abulkhair Khan and her sons Nuraly, Yeraly, and Ayshuak in the eyes of the Tsarist authorities, and other historical events. These aspects may serve as additional sources for the nuanced interpretation of relations during the period of the Khanate’s nominal incorporation or its protectorate-client status under the Russian Empire.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764583737.pdf
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Abstract:
In the XVIII–XX centuries, the Russian Empire began to show great interest in the Kazakh land. The main reasons and goals of the state policy were to annex the Kazakh lands to Russia. The tsarist government closely examined the natural riches, social and economic situation of the Kazakh land. For this purpose, travelers, exploration expeditions and scientists were sent to the Kazakh steppe. The first authors who described the image of the Kazakh people were officials of the Russian administration, lawyers, orientalists and researchers. From the 50s of the XVIII century in Russia the first thoughts and conclusions concerning the origin of the Kazakh people, meaning and sense of the word “Kazakh” began to be expressed. This is evidenced by the fact that in connection with the strengthening and deepening of the political and economic influence of the Russian Empire in the territory of Kazakhstan in the late XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries, the studies of Russian authors on the history of the Kazakh people begin to acquire a wide range. Until the middle of the XIX century the works of Russian researchers were mainly devoted to the following topics: geographical location of the Kazakh land, ethnography of the Kazakh people, ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people, explanation of the ethnonym ‘Kazakh’, tribal structure and composition of the Kazakh people, population, economy, migration problem, trade relations. Among Russian researchers, famous authors were P.I. Rychkov, I.V. Gaverdovsky, G.F. Miller, I.G. Georgi, I.P. Falk, P.S. Pallas, S.V. Bronevsky, E.K. Meyendorff, I.M. Muravyov, and others. The materials of three expeditions organised by the Russian Empire were published in the works of Kirillov, Grigoriev, and Rumyantsev. The works, written for different purposes, contain a large amount of materials, but they require critical analysis. The article of the study aims to draw the attention of historians to the mentioned works, which are of great importance both from the point of view of historical research and source studies. Special attention is paid to the reliability and documentary significance of their works.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764583800.pdf
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Abstract:
This historiographical article is dedicated to the analysis of the study of the history of Kazakh agriculture in the 18th–19th centuries based on the works of researchers-travelers and scholars of the Russian Empire. The author examines an extensive body of works by ethnographers and orientalists, travelers’ records, as well as Russian archival materials that reflect the diversity of the Kazakhs’ economic activities, debunking the outdated stereotype of a purely nomadic lifestyle of the people. The article discusses in detail the methods of farming, irrigation systems, types of cultivated crops, and their role in the life of the people, as documented in the aforementioned sources. Special attention is given to historical figures such as Kipchak Seitkul and Ablai Khan, who contributed to the development of settled agriculture among the steppe peoples. The article analyzes how various external factors and historical events influenced the spread and development of agricultural culture. The authors emphasize the need to reconsider traditional views in national historiography, drawing attention to the multifaceted economic structure of the Kazakhs, which includes nomadic, semi-nomadic, semi-settled, and settled lifestyles. Of particular importance is the study of agricultural production technology, which allows for a fuller understanding of the socio-economic processes of that time. The article also demonstrates how Kazakh agriculture was integrated into broader historical and cultural contexts of the region. The work contributes to a deeper understanding of historical processes and enriches ethnohistorical research in Kazakh studies.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764583859.pdf
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Abstract:
In the second half of the 18th century, the conditions for the development of trade relations on the Kazakh-Russian border in the Upper Irtysh region began to take shape. During this period, the Russian Empire continued to pursue its strategic goal of strengthening its trade and economic positions in the East. The Semipalatinsk fortress became one of the main strongholds for the implementation of these plans. On the Kazakh side, the most consistent initiator of cooperation was Sultan Abulfais, the ruler of the Naimans and part of the Kereks of the Middle Zhuz. Abulfais took advantage of the transit location of his possessions between Russia and Central Asia, profiting from duties levied on the activities of Bukhara and Russian merchants and ensuring their safety. The Middle Zhuz sultan's policy towards Russia was based on the principles of peaceful coexistence and the rejection of forceful methods of resolving problems in border areas. The stabilisation of the military and political situation after the defeat of the Dzungar State played an important role. It became possible to search for new places and routes for trade. The importance of the Priirtyshye region as a transit region between the Middle Zhuz, Russia, Central Asia, and Western China increased. The mutual interest lay in the functioning of satovkas and barter yards in border fortresses for the local population. The article reveals little-known aspects of Kazakh-Russian interaction in the 1660s–1680s and the significant personal role of Sultan Abulfeis in these processes. In addition, the sultan's authorised representatives – influential elders and batyrs who were sent to border fortresses and acted as mediators in negotiations – played an important role. As a result, the Semipalatinsk fortress became not only a military and administrative centre, but also a major trade and economic hub for the Irtysh region and all of Eastern Kazakhstan, facilitating regular trade between the local nomadic population and Russian, Central Asian and Kashgar merchants.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764584016.pdf
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Abstract:
The materials stored in archives play a significant role in the development of historical and legal science, as they contain data on law enforcement practice within a certain historical era. They carry certain information containing data on customary legal phenomena, institutions and constitute an empirical basis for the study of customary law. Being the most important means of knowledge and, at the same time, a historical and legal source that allows obtaining invaluable information on the functioning, development and transformation of customary law institutions among the Perm peoples during the period under study, archival documents allow one to penetrate into the customary legal world of the Zyryans and Votyaks, taking into account the historical process of development of these peoples. Significant archival documents that have a customary legal trace are sentences passed at meetings, court decisions, and various peasant reports, which resemble petitions in their content. Archival funds contain peasant complaints, petitions, requests, petitions, transactional, copies from land books, additional “ownership” records, which were important sources of information about the existing customary legal imperatives. Also often found are wills containing elements of the customary legal worldview, which had various names, including spiritually bequeathed letters, serf wills, contractual-testamentary letters. The use of archival sources in the process of historical and legal research contributes to an increase in the cognitive significance of doctrinal works based on their study, as well as to prevent the limitation of the source base.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764676682.pdf
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Abstract:
The events in London on June 2–8, 1780, called the Lord Gordon riots, were one of the most striking phenomena in English history of the XVIII century. The unprecedented scale of events, accompanied by the destruction of houses and prisons, made a serious impression on contemporaries, but for a long time did not attract the proper attention of historians. The researchers limited themselves either to condemning the actions of the “mob”, or at best to a detailed description of the events (J. De Castro). Only in the second half of the XX century the situation has changed radically, and at the present moment we can talk about the existence of three important historiographical concepts, aimed at explaining the causes and nature of the Gordon riots. The first of them considers the Gordon riots as a form of social protest (marxist historians G. Rude and E. Thompson). The second concept presents the events of June 1780 as an Anticatholic action, which was at the same time a form of pressure on the state authorities (C. Haydon, F. Rogers). Recently, a third, Transatlantic concept has emerged, focusing on the interrelationships and parallels between the Gordon Rebellion and the events of the American War of Independence (D. Rabin, B. Jones, L. Michalak). Currently, the underestimation of the Anticatholic factor seems to have been completely overcome, including modern Russian historiography (E.P. Makarov, L.V. Sidorenko). Question about the degree of correlation between the Gordon riots and the radical movement in England and Transatlantic dimension of the events remain controversial, which opens up scope for new research.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764584147.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines the development of the system of state and legal regulation of the salt industry from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. The key sources are the Salt Statutes of 1781 and 1818, as well as the Collection of Salt Statutes of 1857. Based on these documents, the salt industry management system is analyzed in the context of the administrative and economic policy of the Russian Empire. Using historical-genetic, comparative and systemic methods, the functions and structure of regulatory bodies at different stages are identified. Mechanisms for monitoring the extraction, transportation, accounting and sale of salt are described, the interaction between economic entities is studied. Regional differences in the organization of the salt industry are studied. The reasons for the reforms of the mid-19th century are analyzed, the transition from general to more detailed and differentiated regulation, taking into account the forms of ownership and local conditions, is noted. New administrative structures and control systems strengthened the influence of the state, expanding market elements. The effectiveness of management was ensured by a balance of centralization taking into account local specifics. The transition to the excise system and the abolition of the monopoly were due to the growth of domestic demand, territorial expansion and the desire of the treasury to reduce expenses. This study contributes to historical science by highlighting the legal methods of managing strategic resources and their role in shaping state fiscal policy.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764584844.pdf
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Abstract:
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, scientific pluralism appeared in Russia, after which researchers began to interpret the events of various historical processes from different points of view. There was also a history of the North Caucasus, specifically around the terminology of the “Caucasian War”. It is impossible to talk about any generally accepted interpretations and assessments of the Caucasian War. The difficult political situation in the 1990s in the North Caucasus, the unstable modern geopolitical realities force many historians of the Caucasus to move away from objectivity and offer ideologically politicized interpretations of the Caucasian War. The difficulty is also present in the fact that one number of researchers departs from historical reality, pursuing political Russophobic or Caucasophobic sentiments, while others follow scientific objectivity. Therefore, the term “Caucasian War” itself is understood differently in modern Russian historiography, and each researcher understands different processes, causes, chronology, and territorial boundaries by this concept. Views and assessments of events are often diametrically opposed: from the claims that the Caucasian War on the part of Russia was in the nature of genocide, infringement and destruction of the North Caucasian peoples to the claims that it was Russia's response to the aggressive expansion and raiding practices of the highlanders, or about centuries-old Russian-Mountain peaceful interactions. In our time, there have been repeated calls to create some common approaches and generally accepted concepts in the study of the Caucasian War, but this has not led to the expected results. These circumstances have given rise to a “war of historiographies” around these events and the very term “Caucasian War” so far.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764584897.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is devoted to study of activities of Prince N.G. Repnin as Governor-General of the Kingdom of Saxony in 1813–1815. The authors came to conclusion that immediate prerequisites for successful career of N.G. Repnin as a statesman were his long military service. During his stay in Saxony, the prince gained unique and invaluable experience as a civil servant, manager and functionary. The prince successfully carried out an administrative-territorial reform in the kingdom, ensuring publicity and communication of power among population via mass media and systematic reception of citizens. A military reform was carried out by transforming law enforcement agencies and armed forces of the state. The administration of N.G. Repnin conducted a socially oriented economic policy, which was aimed at comprehensively facilitating life of most residents through customs, financial and tax reforms. The main essence was to reduce fiscal measures, strengthen the national currency (thaler), centralize industries. The main units of Saxon infrastructure were restored. The work of cultural, educational and artistic institutions was resumed. N.G. Repnin took personal part in these activities, having donated considerable financial resources. To consolidate population, honorary awards were introduced, national and religious holidays were celebrated.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764584955.pdf
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Abstract:
Abstract The article explores the forms and mechanisms of the acultural impact of the Russian Empire on the indigenous population of the North-East Caucasus in the first third of the 19th century, in the context of the formation of imperial control and integration of the region. The basis of source analysis was the VI–VIII volumes “Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission”, covering the period of activity of the managers A.P. Ermolov, I.F. Paskevich and G.V. Rosen. A set of documents, including legal acts, proclamations, reports and orders, is considered as a representation of the official policy of the empire. Particular attention is paid to how these materials are recorded and constructed by ideas about local societies, their cultural practices and forms of political loyalty. Strategies are analyzed through which the narrative of the “civilizational mission” of Russia was approved and at the same time the image of a “foreigner” as an object of transformation was formed. Spatial practices, such as the creation of fortified lines, the relocation of settlements, overgrown with territorial borders and communications control, are considered as key tools for the institutionalization of imperial presence. The mechanisms of administrative integration are studied – the introduction of a new management system, fixing loyal foremen, the organization of schools and the translation service. Of particular interest is the transformation of historical memory: through the official descriptions of events, fixation of the intercourse and awards, as well as the choice of terminology through which there was an interpretation of historical events in the interests of the empire.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585013.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the Orenburg Border Commission criticism of the system of ransoming Russian captives from the Central Asia in 1826 and events that followed. It is based on unpublished documents from the Joint State Archive of Orenburg Region (Orenburg, Russian Frderation). It shows that in 1826 the ransoming of Russian subjects (“captives” in the terminology of the era) from the Central Asia was regulated by the long inapplicable to local realities Senate decree of 25 October 1777. The Orenburg Border Commission was receiving 4 thousand rubbles a year for ransoming captives, and could pay 150 rubles or more for a single one (but significantly higher amounts could’ve been allocated only with permission from higher authorities). The Commission offered to increase the “nominal” sum of ransom to 1 thousand rubles, which corresponded more with real marked prices of slaves (amounting about 500–1000 rubles). However, the Staff Commander of the Separate Orenburg Corps, having in general acknowledged the correctness of the Commissions conclusions, didn’t allow such changes, referring to the fact that the Commission didn’t have the money to ransom slaves at the new price en masse. Nevertheless, he allowed to buy one slave out of Bukhara for more than 500 rubles. When this ransom ended in success, the Border Commission suggested to buy out all the known Russian slaves in Bukhara in a similar way (money for that was sufficient), yet P.K. Essen forbade it demanding them adhere to the current law. Thus, in the 1820s the Orenburg authorities weren’t ready to ransom slaves from the Central Asia at market prices.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585060.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines the activities of the Siberian Committee, which encompassed a wide range of spheres, making it one of the key institutions of governance and development in Siberia during the 19th century. The Committee dealt with issues of administrative management, economic development, social policy, and cultural progress, which allowed it to exert significant influence on shaping the outlook of the regions of the Russian Empire, including Kazakh steppe. The aim of this study is to analyze the activities of the Siberian Committee regarding the introduction of administrative and territorial reforms in Middle zhuz during the 19th century, based on archival documents. The objective of the research is to introduce new archival materials related to the activities of the Siberian Committee, which may complement existing knowledge about the mechanisms of governance and economic development of steppe territories. The research is based on archival documents from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive and the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. The activities of the Siberian Committee were multifaceted and had far-reaching consequences. The creation of infrastructure, the implementation of resettlement policies, economic development, and cultural transformation in Middle zhuz became processes that substantially reshaped the outlook of Kazakh steppe.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585116.pdf
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Abstract:
The personalities of people from the past are increasingly becoming the focus of historians' attention. In their research, scientists reveal not only the professional, but also the human qualities of figures of the past centuries. Our contemporaries learn from their example of love for their country, loyalty to their chosen cause, and kindness to people. Therefore, the appeal to the genre of historical portrait seems relevant. In historiography, ideological cliches are often formed in relation to many figures of the past, or the focus is on business qualities, while personality traits remain unexplored. This also applies to Countess Praskovya Sergeevna Uvarova, who is known as the organizer of archaeological science in Russia and a talented scientist. The trend towards an objective assessment of its activities began to take shape only in recent decades. This article reveals her attitude towards the peasants of the Uvarov family estate, the village of Porechye, in the first decade after the abolition of serfdom. The material for the study was the recordings of conversations between P.S. Uvarova and the peasants of the Porechye region, stored in the archive of the Counts Uvarov. The introduction of a little-known historical source into scientific circulation determines the novelty of this work. The interview tests are analyzed in the context of the history of the first post-reform years using the published memoirs of the Countess. In his conversations, P.S. Uvarova appears as a man of high culture. She sought to instill in her listeners an understanding of the need for education, both for boys and girls; to form the foundations of Orthodox morality; to teach the principles of a healthy lifestyle. Uvarova told the peasants about the need to organize their work, economical farming, and raise their children in the traditions of love for one's neighbor, purity, and decency. The studied historical sources make it possible to shake many ideologized ideas about the relations of the nobility with the peasants.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764674466.pdf
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Abstract:
This study is devoted to the development of the system of influence of business unions and associations on the economic policy of the state in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author comes to the conclusion that initially representatives of the political leadership of the empire tried to interact with the business community through the previously formed system of advisory bodies deprived of the right to initiate discussion of specific issues. But the corresponding structures were characterized by a fairly narrow composition of participants, due to which they could not fully represent the position of even large companies. The role of a functional representative of the interests of the business community gradually passed to self-governing public organizations, among which the key role was played by stock exchange committees and congresses of industrialists and merchants. From a formal point of view, they were supposed to perform the function of a feedback mechanism between government structures and business. But eventually, business associations began to form their own economic agenda and promote it using public policy methods. This was due to both the high level of their autonomy due to the widespread introduction of separate law norms and the development of tacit practices of involving business associations in the discussion of draft laws and the regular incorporation of representatives of relevant government bodies into the number of delegates to congresses of industrialists and businessmen. At the end of the period under study, the process of forming monopolies intensified, which also actively tried to influence the state's economic policy by using administrative and industry lobbying tools. However, in general, the level of influence of business unions and associations on the economic policy of the Russian state remained rather moderate. The latter was due to the relatively low level of business resource potential and the low degree of its social consolidation, as well as the authorities' concerns about the possible costs of expanding business participation in public administration issues associated with the high scale of bureaucratic entrepreneurship and corruption in general.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585212.pdf
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Abstract:
This work represents a biography of Benjamin F. Howard (1835–1908) as a soldier, police officer, and Mason. It reveals little-known aspects of his life. The work leaned on five groups of historical sources – (1) archival documents, (2) museum items, (3) collections of published documents, (4) sources of private origin, and (5) periodical press materials. Of particular importance in the context of this research is the second group – a selection of items from the American Civil War Museum and the Museum of the History of the American Knights Templar at Cherkas Global University. Methodologically, the study relied on a set of methods commonly used in biographical research. The study’s findings revealed that Benjamin Franklin Howard (1835–1908) started out working as a stonecutter (initially in Washington, DC, and later in Richmond, VA); but it was the American Civil War that truly revealed him to be an organizer and leader, someone whose direction people would follow in the challenging climate of military confrontation. He finished the Civil War in the rank of Captain in command of Company I of the 1st Virginia Infantry Regiment. Subsequently, he served for many years in the police, where he was promoted to the rank of Major and was appointed Chief of Police for the city of Richmond. At the same time, starting in 1871 he was active as a Mason, progressing in that hierarchy from a candidate for Masonry to a member of the York Rite Knights Templar. In 1900, he filled the post of Eminent Commander of Richmond Commandery No. 2. Throughout his life, Benjamin F. Howard was the kind of person who would not back down from a challenge and would stay true to his duty to the very end.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585268.pdf
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Abstract:
In the first half of the 19th century, the development of a culture of charity among broad sections of Russian society became one of the priorities of state policy. Not only did civil philanthropic institutions undergo transformation, but so did the system of care for soldiers' children, which was subordinate to the military department. A new type of institution appeared – children's shelters, organized for children from poor families whose parents, busy searching for food, could not provide them with proper care. Ten years after the emergence of such institutions in Russia, by order of Emperor Nicholas I, children's shelters were opened for the children of lower ranks of the guard regiments located in St. Petersburg. The first such institution was a shelter attached to the Horse Regiment, which took in young soldiers' children of both sexes, mainly orphans. In general, the new institutions reproduced the principles, goals, and rules of children's shelters subordinate to the Committee of the main trusteeship of children's shelters, although they were not included in their number. Orphaned children lived in shelters free of charge, receiving full board and, upon leaving, the orphan capital saved by the regiment with interest. As in the case of civilian shelters, the principle of joint financing of children's shelters from the state treasury, church capital funds of the guard regiments, and private donations was applied. The Russian army's openness to new organizational forms of charity creates an incentive for the development of a network of shelters for soldiers' children in the Guards regiments, contributing to the moral and social development of Russian society.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585329.pdf
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Abstract:
This article is devoted to the problem of transformation and evolution of the narratives and horizons of historical memory within Kazakh society, drawing on the works of Kazakh enlighteners of the 19th century. The authors highlight the influence of the intellectual traditions of the Russian Empire, shaped through active mutual exchange and cultural convergence with prominent representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia, namely Chokan Valikhanov, Abai Kunanbayev, and Ibray Altynsarin. The study addresses the historiographical problem of intellectual transfer between the Russian and Kazakh intelligentsia. The research draws on archival materials from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian State Historical Archive, and ego-documents (personal correspondence with Russian scholars and officials, travel diaries, and manuscripts), as well as scientific articles by Kazakh authors published in the journals of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. These sources shed light on how the enlighteners’ ideas were presented and perceived in the 19th century, alongside memoirs of Russian officials, scientists, and travelers. Employing the comparative method, traditional in historical research, the analysis of official and personal archival sources enables the identification of general patterns and distinctive peculiarities of the imperial policy’s influence on the Kazakh intellectual elite during the transition of Kazakh society to the modern era. The works of the aforementioned enlighteners offer an important case for exploring the development of historical knowledge and narratives of historical memory.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585395.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in the state policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries regarding the so-called “non-tolerated” denominations, using the example of Western and Northwestern Kazakhstan. Based on diverse sources, including legislation, archival evidence, and academic works of Russian and international researchers, the study traces how the state approached religious movements that, in the pre-revolutionary period, were considered “sects” and exposed to different forms of administrative and police control. It is shown that in the imperial period, confessional policy combined legal restrictions with measures of surveillance and control aimed at curbing their spread, while still allowing opportunities for legalization and missionary activity. Special attention is given to the missionary activity of Protestant groups, their interaction with co-religionists from neighboring regions, and the impact of resettlement policy on the confessional situation in the empire’s peripheral areas. The dynamics of the development of local religious communities and the mechanisms of their adaptation to legal and administrative conditions are traced. The methodological basis of the study includes the problem-chronological, comparative-historical, and historical-typological methods, as well as the analysis of archival documents, which made it possible to identify the stages of policy evolution, classify forms of state influence, and reconstruct the specifics of implementing legislative norms at the regional level. The study demonstrates how state policy shaped religious life in the borderlands of the Russian Empire and contributes to a better understanding of the local particularities of confessional policy with regard to religious minorities.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585521.pdf
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Abstract:
This article examines the role of the Turkestan Governor-Generalship in addressing Afghanistan-related issues and border disputes between Great Britain and Russia in the 1860–1870s. Drawing on an extensive body of archival documents and historical sources, the authors emphasize that the struggle between great empires for influence in Afghanistan and its consequences persisted for an extended period. As a result of the Russian Empire's active engagement in Central Asia in the 1860s, the Turkestan Governor-Generalship was established and effectively granted broad powers to forge relationships with neighboring states. In this context, the article analyzes the Governor-Generalship's specific policy towards Afghanistan. Notably, the project proposed by K.P. Kaufman considered recognizing some Afghan territories as independent or neutral, while the British side insisted on acknowledging the independence of the Central Asian khanates. The authors argue that the struggle to establish borders unfolded in several stages. The first stage, which began in 1869, was characterized by the thorough examination of materials collected by the Turkestan government's diplomatic representative by central authorities, after which final conclusions and proposals were sent to the British administration. The next stage focused on fostering friendly relations between the Emir of Afghanistan, Sher Ali Khan, and the Russian Empire, with the Turkestan administration playing a crucial role. Against the backdrop of British preparations to seize Afghan territories, archival data reveal internal instability in Afghanistan. It is particularly noted that in 1878, the Turkestan Governor-General's independent dispatch of a diplomatic mission to Kabul exacerbated the situation, which, in turn, strained Russian-British relations and contributed to the onset of another British military campaign in Afghanistan. Ultimately, as historical sources indicate, the resolution of border issues concerning Afghanistan gave rise to new contradictions between the two empires.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585561.pdf
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Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (founded in 1865 as Petrovskaya Agricultural and Forestry Academy) was actively mentioned in the Russian periodical press of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Such publications as Moskovskiye Vedomosti, Vestnik Evropy, Russkaya Mysl, Zemledelcheskaya Gazeta, Selskoye Khozyaistvo i Lesovodstvo covered scientific achievements, educational activities and the participation of the academy in solving urgent problems of the agricultural sector of Russia. The works and lectures of prominent scientists of the academy were published: K.A. Timiryazev – the founder of the Russian scientific school of plant physiology, A.V. Sovetov (fodder production), A.N. Shishkin (agricultural economics), A.S. Ermolov (experimental work), economists M.P. Shchepkin and I.I. Ivanyukov, agronomists A.P. Lyudogovsky and N.A. Karyshev, I.A. Stebut, botanist R.I. Shreder. The periodicals became an important platform for discussions about the role of the academy in the modernization of agriculture, the formation of its public image and the demonstration of the practical benefits of agricultural science. These publications not only reflected the university's contribution to the development of education and science, but also influenced public opinion and state policy in the agricultural sector.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585668.pdf
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the development of pre-war physical education in Krasnoyarsk at the turn of the 20th century, compared with other provincial centers and major Siberian cities. A brief overview of the development of physical education and sports institutions in the Russian Empire is provided. The specific features of the Siberian region in terms of physical education and sports development are identified, and the dynamics of sports institutions' development in Krasnoyarsk are compared with those in other major Siberian cities. An explanation is given for the slower development of physical education and sports compared with other Siberian cities. Objectives: to identify the stages in the development of physical education and sports in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to analyze the details of “Sokol” and the reasons for its demise. The study focuses on the city of Krasnoyarsk. The primary research method is comparative history. As a result of the analysis, the authors conclude that physical education was not very popular, as the majority of the population was already engaged in heavy physical labor. Moreover, the state was greatly afraid of revolutionary ideas and therefore discouraged any societies. But then the first gymnastics societies began to open. In Krasnoyarsk, it was called “Sokol”. It was primarily associated with mass leisure activities and physical education. With the advent of Soviet power, all societies ceased to exist. Three stages in the development of pre-revolutionary physical education and sports can be distinguished in Siberia: before 1900 – the establishment of the first sports societies; 1900–1910 – a period of stagnation associated with the banning of various societies due to revolutionary sentiments; 1910–1914 – the heyday of sports life, the establishment of the first legal societies. In Krasnoyarsk itself, these processes proceeded more slowly than in Siberia as a whole due to its more eastern location, weak mountain biking, and a lack of qualified personnel.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585722.pdf
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The article examines the features of social and medical examination of persons with mental disorders in the Yenisei Province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The source base consists of unpublished archival materials from the State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which are used to reconstruct the multi-stage procedure for determining ‘mental illness.’ It included public diagnosis, medical examination, and ‘testing’ in an insane asylum. Particular attention is paid to the professional activities of local doctors and psychiatrists, who combined somatic examination, assessment of mental status through conversation with the patient, and observation of behavior. The study reveals the regional specifics of the implementation of all-Russian norms in the conditions of underdeveloped medicine in Siberia. The formation of a special institution was noted, which included officials, doctors, and representatives of various social classes, which contributed to the integration of psychiatric activities. Some contradictions were found in the practices studied: on the one hand, there were methods of observation and questioning that were progressive for their time, and on the other hand, there were punitive measures and practices of ‘restraint,’ a lack of qualified personnel, and a low level of psychiatric literacy, which often led to the stigmatization of patients. An important part of the study is the analysis of the interaction between medical and legal discourses. Specific cases demonstrate how medical diagnoses influenced a person's legal status and vice versa, especially in cases of ‘epileptic insanity’ when patients committed offences while unconscious. This created a legal vacuum in which the mentally ill found themselves hostage to the medical and judicial systems. Overall, the practice of examining the insane in the Yenisei Province at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries appears to be a symbiosis of community tradition, medical knowledge, and administrative coercion in the context of the formation of Russian state psychiatry.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764585951.pdf
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The article, based on the materials of notes, essays, memoirs and reminiscences of Russian officials, publicists, writers, social and political figures, united by the ‘frame’ of imperial experts, reveals the content of discourse and ideas about the city of Tashkent as an outpost of Russian colonization of the Turkestan region in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The method of discourse analysis allowed us to identify key patterns in experts' perceptions of the representation of Tashkent as a model of internal colonization of the eastern periphery of the empire. In the course of the study, it was established that the construction of the image of Tashkent as the imperial centre of the Turkestan region implied the fixation of the city's special military and administrative status in the personal texts of imperial experts, which was expressed in the massive ‘occupation’ narrative prevailing on the pages of published materials. In the publications of the second half of the 19th century, the intonation of the empire's militaristic presence and dominance in the region was clearly traced, and Tashkent was labelled as a Russian military facility with a predominance of the military population over the civilian population, which provided relatively comfortable conditions for the administration and broadcasting of imperial power as a transformative and culturalising force. In the early 20th century, the content of Tashkent's discourse and the understanding of the empire's practical plans in Central Asia underwent significant changes, which, according to experts, was due to the final ‘pacification’ of the periphery and gave rise to cultural initiatives of a Russification nature, and with them the promotion of the idea of Russian national conservatives about the need to promote such a variant of the development and “appropriation” of the east, in which cultural differences would be gradually erased and a ‘large Russian nation’ would be formed. In this regard, Tashkent was presented to imperial experts as a ‘platform’ for the processing, taking into account local conditions, of Russian culture by means of education and dissemination of domestic experience of farming, designed to sedentarise the nomads and establish sedentarisation of the remaining groups of the autochthonous population.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764586028.pdf
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Abstract:
This article examines the history of the development of sanitary and epidemiological services in the Turkestan region during the period of Imperial Russia. In the 60s in the 19th century, during the ‘Turkestan Campaigns,’ the Russian Empire began actively developing Central Asian territories militarily. In this regard, the focus of research interest is on the peculiarities of the empire's military medical policy, in particular measures to adapt military personnel to local conditions of service in the region and to combat endemic and epidemic diseases. The particular attention is paid to such issues as health protection, ensuring the combat readiness of Russian military personnel and related measures taken by the regional administration; sanitary and hygienic instability in the Turkestan region and its causes; the spread of cholera and plague epidemics in the region and the organization of quarantine measures, as well as their positive and negative consequences. It has been established, that diseases characteristic of the Turkestan region, such as fever, typhus, malaria, Pendina ulcer (cutaneous leishmaniasis), rishta (dracunculiasis), etc., were widespread among the troops of the Turkestan Military District. Often, the spread of a particular disease depended on the location. It has been established that during this historical period, despite the dominance of Russian military medicine, traditional folk healing continued to exist, while at the same time a symbiosis between these two medical schools began to emerge. The study draws on a wide range of archival sources from the National Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan, regulatory and legal documents of the Russian Empire, departmental reports, periodicals and academic literature. The use of a military-medical approach and the concept of acculturation, the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity of narrative analysis, and an interdisciplinary approach made it possible to shed light on the main processes of the Russian Empire's sanitary and medical policy in the Turkestan region.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764586157.pdf
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Abstract:
This article presents the results of a comprehensive historical study of the activities of the Yenisei Diocesan Orthodox Missionary Society during its organizational development from 1870 to 1881. The study is based on a set of unpublished archival documents from the State Archives of Krasnoyarsk Krai (collection no. 667), which are being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. These include founding documents, meeting minutes, financial reports, as well as missionaries' travel journals and reports. The authors conduct a comprehensive analysis of the creation of the Yenisei Diocesan Orthodox Missionary Society, its administrative structure, and financial mechanisms. The social composition of its benefactors, which included merchants, officials, and clergy, is examined. Particular attention is paid to the practical work of missionaries in remote regions of the Yenisei Governorate – the Turukhansk region, the Usinsk borderland, and Khakassia. Based on reports and diaries, this article reconstructs specific strategies for working with indigenous populations (Khakas, Evenki, Selkups), Old Believers, and Russian settlers. It describes the challenges priests faced, including harsh climates, vast distances, language barriers, the nomadic lifestyle of their flocks, the persistence of shamanic beliefs, and the formal nature of baptism. The article demonstrates how missionaries adapted their methods, translating prayers, opening schools, and seeking to train cadres from the local population. The activities of the Yenisei Diocesan Orthodox Missionary Society are considered in the context of the imperial policy of Christianization implemented by the Russian Empire in its outlying territories. This study fills a significant gap in regional historiography, revealing in detail the functioning mechanisms and daily life of one of the most important church-state institutions in Siberia in the second half of the 19th century.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764586227.pdf
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Based on archival materials, printed publications, and academic research, this article analyzes the structure and functioning of Muslim madrasas and cultural-educational societies that emerged in the Kazakh steppe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The authors examine the influence of the Muslim reform movement on the field of education, particularly in madrasas, as well as the spread of the innovative movement of Jadidism. Through concrete examples, the article reveals the characteristics of this movement. It investigates the curricula and subjects taught in modern-spirited madrasas such as the Gabdulvaliyev institution in Verny, “Mamaniya” in Aksu, “Yakobiya” in Kapal, “Kazakiya” and “Gizatiya” in Zaisan, and “Amiriya” in Kargaly, comparing them with the educational practices of Russian-native schools. The study identifies features of the educational process, efforts to involve Kazakh children in schooling, and ways to supply students with learning materials. Furthermore, the article analyzes the activities of societies such as “Jamgiyat Ma'arif” in Zaisan, the Muslim Charitable Society in Semipalatinsk, the Society of Devotees of Education in Verny, and others. It assesses their role and significance in Kazakh society.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764593113.pdf
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Abstract:
The study is aimed at identifying the substantive significance of the expeditionary activities of the pre-revolutionary traveler and public figure Nikolai Mikhailovich Yadrintsev for the resettlement policy pursued in the Russian Empire. The object of the analysis was the expedition of the famous Siberian to the Altai Mountain District, which took place in 1880. The source base of the work was composed of written and published sources, such as publications about the trip to Altai in periodicals of the imperial period of Russian history. Also included in the work were the books of N. M. Yadrintsev “Siberia as a Colony” and “Siberian Foreigners. Their Life and Current Situation”. Ego-sources, such as autobiographical notes, where the author explains his impressions of the Russian Altai, were also important. Methodologically, this study is based on the methodology of narrative history. The method of cognition, in our opinion, will contribute to the identification and reconstruction of discursive moments and, accordingly, key facts and information for understanding the significance of the Altai wanderings of the famous Siberian. The authors have established that the scientific reports of N.M. Yadrintsev on the expeditions of 1879 and 1880 and the articles written on their basis “A Trip to Western Siberia and to the Gorno-Altai District”, “On Maral Breeding in Altai” and others are of scientific value today. Subsequently, the researcher placed the results of his scientific work in the form of a whole series of publications in the national periodical press. He fruitfully collaborated with the editors of many Russian publications from 1864 until his death. Articles by N.M. Yadrintsev was readily published in his time by Vestnik Evropy, Delo, Nedelya, Otechestvennye zapiski, Russkie vedomosti, Russkaya zhizn, Russkoe slovo, Russkoe bogatstvo, Sibirskaya zhizn, Tomskie gubernskie vedomosti and other leading newspapers and magazines. It is emphasized that the main result of the expedition was the demonstration of the natural resources of Gorny Altai and Southern Siberia as a whole, as well as informing the public and administration about the positive experience of ethnocultural interaction on the Altai land.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764586613.pdf
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This article examines the role of sanitary discourse in the imperial policy of Russia in Turkestan, focusing on the case of the closure of Muslim cemeteries. Public health and cleanliness became important instruments for legitimizing imperial governance, providing justification for interference in the everyday life of the local population. The closure of Muslim cemeteries, the relocation of burial grounds beyond city limits, and the establishment of burial regulations emerged as integral elements of newly imposed norms. It is demonstrated that sanitary measures extended far beyond the sphere of public health and hygiene. These measures served as a legitimate pretext for the state to establish control over the human body. Even after death, the human body was treated as an object of state regulation and oversight. At the same time, the regulation of cemeteries was part of a broader transformation of urban space. Traditional quarters were perceived as posing a threat to the newly developed European districts. A closer examination reveals that urban areas were distinctly segregated. The introduction of new sanitary regulations elicited an ambivalent response from the local population. On the one hand, residents resisted these measures, which in some cases escalated into open conflicts. On the other hand, the language of sanitary discourse was appropriated by local communities as a tool for defending their interests. Thus, the regulation of cemeteries reflects broader social and political processes unfolding in Turkestan.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764603261.pdf
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Abstract:
The article analyzes the socio-economic development of the Semirechensk region in the late XIX and early XX centuries as a specific administrative and economic unit on the national periphery of the Russian Empire. The study covers the formation and dynamics of entrepreneurship and trade, taking into account the region’s natural, demographic, and infrastructural characteristics. A general overview of Semirechye is provided, emphasizing its resource potential, settlement system, transportation accessibility, and administrative structure. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of entrepreneurship based on statistical categories recorded in the “Reviews of the Semirechensk Region” and comparable sources. The article examines the features of industrial production using the official terminology of the reviews – “factories and plants” – including sectoral classification: processing of agricultural raw materials, production of construction materials, and handicrafts. District centers, especially the city of Verny, are identified as key hubs of business activity and entrepreneurial initiative. The section on trade analyzes both domestic commerce and cross-border relations, particularly with China. It examines the organization of fairs, trade routes, the role of the merchant class, formats of wholesale and retail trade, and the participation of both nomadic and sedentary populations. A general overview of the range of goods represented in local markets is also provided. The study is based on a wide range of sources – reports, statements, statistical reviews, and modern historiography. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the transformational processes in Semirechye during its integration into the economic space of the Russian Empire.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764586942.pdf
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Abstract:
This article tested the historical facts about the social portrait of provincial civil servants, natives of the Yakut region (“Yakuts” by territorial origin). They served in the Yakutsk region from 1887 to 1917 and were representatives of the provincial bureaucracy of the late Russian Empire. Conclusions are based on service lists of officials obtained from the National Archives of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). We have identified previously unknown names of Yakut officials who were local residents of Yakutia. There were E. Kugaevsky, M. Nikolaev, N. Astrakhantsev, I. Popov, A. Gorlovsky, V. Bubyakin, A. Zhurakovsky, F. Ammosov, I. Karpov, N. Kondakov, A. Berezkin, S. Nadin, M. Olesov, N. Poryadin, E. Vasiliev. Residents of Yakutia constituted an absolute minority of officials in the Yakutsk region compared to visiting officials (20.8 % and 79.2 %, respectively). However, their share tended to increase in the 1910s. All local officials came from the urban intelligentsia of Yakutia (families of Cossacks, peasants, and officials). They received their education at educational institutions in Yakutsk (with the exception of one special assignment official with a higher education). Promotion was gradual, which was likely explained by the limited number of vacant positions, complex personnel rotation, general geographic remoteness, and underdeveloped transportation infrastructure of the northeastern periphery of the Russian Empire.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764586993.pdf
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Abstract:
In the second half of the 19th century, under the influence of Tsarist colonial policy, the territory of the Russian Empire expanded. The development of new lands, as well as internal political processes (the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the 1905 revolution, etc.) stimulated the implementation of an active resettlement policy. Based on an analysis of statistical data from the “Surveys of the Syr-Darya Region” attached to the military governor's report, this article traces the dynamics of the number and territory of settlement of the following religious groups: Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Old Believers, Roman Catholics, Jews, Armenian Gregorians, Protestants, Mennonites, pagans. At the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the region's population became multi-confessional. The Muslim and Orthodox populations were scattered throughout the region. Most Muslims, Old Believers, Mennonites lived in rural areas. Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics, Armenian Gregorians, Jews, and pagans mainly settled in the Russian part of Tashkent. Protestants lived in both Tashkent and the Tashkent district at various times. The number of representatives of all denominations, with the exception of Muslims, was unstable, and there was a high level of migration. The main centre of attraction was the Russian part of Tashkent, where representatives of all religious groups lived.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764764295.pdf
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Abstract:
The article analyzes the features Krasnoyarsk transport system and, partially, the Yenisei province in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Until the end of the 19th century, one of the reasons for slow economic development of the city of Krasnoyarsk and the Yenisei province was the lack of reliable transport links with other regions. The Great Siberian or Moscow Tract was a vital route until the 1890s, providing communication between the Siberian provinces and the European regions of Russia. On the section running through the Krasnoyarsk District, its length was 190 miles. This route contributed to the development of traditional industries such as cabbing, saddlery and carriage manufacturing. In different years, there were about a hundred owners of carriages in Krasnoyarsk engaged in the cabbing industry. At the same time, the economic development of the Yenisei province and Krasnoyarsk required the transportation of an increasing number of goods. Largely due to the efforts of entrepreneurs of the Yenisei province, shipping along the Northern Sea Route was restored, which gave impetus to the development of steamship service first in the lower reaches of the Yenisei, and then in its upper parts, where Krasnoyarsk is located, which had a positive effect on the economic development of the city. The emergence and development of steamship service partially helped to solve the transport problem of Krasnoyarsk and the Yenisei province as a whole, but could not do so completely. The decision to build the Trans-Siberian Railway, taken in St. Petersburg in 1891, became historic. Also, the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century was marked by the emergence of motor transport. It is worth noting that it did not play a significant role in the transport infrastructure of the city during this period. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of transport infrastructure had a significant impact on the economic and socio-cultural development of the city of Krasnoyarsk.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764587780.pdf
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Abstract:
The author examines the activities of the Sochi Horticultural and Agricultural Experimental Station in 1894–1902, established by the decision of Emperor Alexander III on April 12, 1894, based on the opinion of the State Council of February 17, 1894. This period is associated with the names of the first heads of this station: the scientist agronomist Peter Rodionovich Slezkin and Reinhold Johannovich (Roman Ivanovich) Garbe. As the main materials, the author used particularly valuable storage units of the fund No. 16 – the Sochi Garden and Agricultural Experimental Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property for 1894–1919, stored in the Sochi City Archive (Sochi, Russian Federation). In addition, the research materials were personal sources, namely the memoirs of the Minister of the tsarist government A.S. Ermolov, climatologist, geographer, creator of agricultural meteorology A.P. Voeikov and the head of the Sochi experimental station since 1902, V.V. Markovich. Reference publications were also used – the encyclopedic dictionary by F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron, studies by pre-revolutionary, Soviet and Russian historians. This work is based on such principles of historical research as the principles of historicism, concreteness, objectivity and comprehensiveness, reliance on sources, historiographical tradition, etc. In conclusion, the author concluded that the first years of the Sochi Horticultural and Agricultural Experimental Station were associated with organizational issues, such as clearing the territory of trees, shrubs and deadwood, as well as the acquisition and planting of seeds and seedlings of various plants. Thanks to the activities of the first heads of the Sochi Horticultural and Agricultural Experimental Station, Slezkine and Garbe (1894–1902), the foundation was laid for the further development of experimental agriculture on the Black Sea coast of the Northwestern Caucasus.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764587925.pdf
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Abstract:
The analysis of neo-populism ideology in the context of the problem of the political modernization in Russia is presented in the paper. The novelty of the study lies in the consideration of the stated problem in connection with the thematic focus of the history of ideas, which allows us to identify elements of the discursive and ideological complex of neo-populism. Evolutionary “populist socialism” was a specifically Russian ideological “product” that synthesized the universal values of European democratic socialism and domestic traditions of liberation thought. Moderate neo-populists as convinced progressives and statists did not recognize illegal forms and violent methods of political struggle. They believed that in Russia as a predominantly peasant country populism should win a moral victory over “bourgeois” and narrow-class ideologies (they included the Marxist version of socialism among the latter). The true democratism of the neo-populists was expressed in the recognition of all workers without exception as a progressive, socialist class and in the idea of a social state that should be based on law and protect the interests of the individual and society. The popularization of syndicalism was perceived critically in the neo-populist environment, despite the fact that the classics of populist ideology were close to some provisions of revolutionary syndicalism in their theories. The new radical faction of socialism in its project of socio-political transformations was oriented towards the working class, almost always ignoring the interests of the peasantry, which was unacceptable for the theorists of neo-populism. The internal conflict of the evolutionary neo-populists consisted in the discrepancy between the radicalism of their program of social reorganization and the methods of its implementation, which were too moderate for the turning point in history in which they appeared and had to be applied. However, in a stable state, in the conditions of peaceful development of civil society, the political model they proposed would have been quite effective, because it was designed to achieve class agreement and protect the interests of various strata of the population.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764587853.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of architectural monuments of the city of Pavlodar dating from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries in the context of historical and cultural analysis, which makes it possible to consider these objects as important evidence of the social, economic, and spiritual life of the city during this period. Particular attention is paid to merchants’ houses, religious buildings, and public structures that shaped the architectural appearance of the district center and reflected the processes of urban development. These monuments demonstrate not only the architectural features of the era but also the cultural transformations of society at the turn of the century. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific features of the architectural heritage of the given period and to determine its role in the development of the urban environment. During this time, the architectural image of Pavlodar underwent significant changes caused by the growth of the merchant class, the expansion of trade, and the formation of new administrative institutions. The construction of residential buildings with richly decorated façades, as well as the appearance of religious buildings, schools, and other public facilities, attested to the processes of modernization that affected the territories of Western Siberia and the Irtysh region. At the same time, the city preserved elements of traditional culture, which resulted in a distinctive synthesis of architectural forms. Thus, the architectural monuments of Pavlodar from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries represent an important layer of historical and cultural heritage and can be regarded as unique “places of memory” that reflect the key ideas and values of the era, contributing to the preservation of cultural continuity and the formation of historical memory.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764587993.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines the quality of church-owned lands in the parishes of the Yenisei, Omsk, Tobolsk, and Tomsk dioceses in the early 20th century. Depending on their quality, church lands were divided into several groups. It was found that, of the total number of plots, those of good and average quality accounted for more than two-thirds. So, most of the parish clergy in the dioceses we're looking at could potentially use the parish's arable and haymaking land as a source of income. However, on average, approximately one-quarter of the land allocated to churches was of poor quality. These included areas with lands unsuitable for plowing and haymaking (rocky, swampy, saline, etc.), as well as areas whose exploitation was difficult or impossible for various reasons. There were frequent situations when parish clergy were assigned land that had been completely depleted by years of exploitation or field plots that were completely overgrown with taiga forest. There were many cases when arable or haymaking plots for clerics were allocated at a considerable distance from settlements, which made their exploitation unprofitable. Some church lands even had two or more defects. It was practically impossible to use unsuitable and poor church lands for economic purposes, so every fourth clergyman in the dioceses under consideration was unable to use farmland to secure his livelihood.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764588065.pdf
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Abstract:
This article examines the formation of perceptions of “others” represented by Chinese migrants in the late imperial period of Russian history. Using Chinese migration to the Perm province from 1905 to 1917 as an example, the author demonstrates how local authorities, factory and mine administrators, and, to some extent, city residents contributed to the conceptualization of the Chinese and defined the key characteristics of their social behavior. A significant portion of these interactions took place not in urban spaces, but directly at the factories and residences of Chinese workers. In the process of organizing, maintaining order, and preserving a stable health situation among the Chinese, documents from Ural archives and the press were filled with evidence of experiences with them. The empirical basis for the preparation of this manuscript was formed by documents from the State Archives of Perm Krai (Perm, Russian Federation) and the State Archives of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation). Used together, these sources can reveal the key characteristics with which Chinese workers were ascribed during their stay in the Urals. While Chinese labor certainly solved a number of production problems thanks to its abundance, affordability, and ease of use, experience interacting with Chinese workers further complicated these concerns with complex issues related to labor registration, maintaining sanitary and hygienic standards, and the closed nature of their communities.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764593067.pdf
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Abstract:
The study of public figures from among the «alien» populations of the Russian Empire currently involves primarily the discovery of little-known facts. The main reason for this lies in the formerly restricted nature of the subject during the dominance of Soviet ideology – most of the deputies of the early State Dumas, following the events of 1917, ended up either in political exile or as victims of mass repressions. This research aims to reconstruct the biography of Shaimerden Kosshygulov, a Kazakh from the Akmolinsk region of the Steppe Territory and a deputy of the Duma, through the prism of his extensive cultural and educational activities, which he carried out not only within his native linguistic and ethnic environment, but also in a multicultural context. The sources used in the study include archival materials from Kazakhstan and abroad, epistolary heritage, and various narrative accounts. Some data about Kosshygulov are introduced into academic circulation for the first time. Using an interdisciplinary approach – at the intersection of history, political science, elite studies, and anthropology – and applying methods of critical analysis and synthesis, the study establishes that Shaimerden Kosshygulov had a strong inclination toward enlightenment based on Islamic teachings. His audiences included various ethnic groups of the Russian (Bashkirs, Tatars, Sarts (Uzbeks), Azerbaijanis, etc.) and Ottoman Empires at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. In the period around 1908–1909, already a former Duma deputy, Kosshygulov was in Istanbul, where he interacted with Turkish democratic activists. The «Оdysseys» of this Kazakh public figure on the international stage are of interest in terms of his communicative abilities and his hypothetical role as an authorized representative of the national political party Alash. Supporting this latter hypothesis is the fact that Kosshygulov was a progressive thinker and participated in publishing a secular newspaper in St. Petersburg.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589068.pdf
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Abstract:
The “poteshnie” movement was initiated by Emperor Nicholas II in 1909 with the aim of introducing basic military training in villages. The active phase of the movement spanned five years, during which several stages were completed. In the early stages, “poteshnie” detachments spontaneously formed in both military units and various departments related to children's education. By the middle of 1911, an official regulation was introduced, outlining the guidelines for creating and managing these detachments. In the summer of 1913, the third stage began, where the responsibility for the physical development and initial military training of children shifted to schools. As a result, interested departments redirected their attention to establishing similar activities within schools, while scouts emerged outside educational institutions offering more engaging programs for teenagers. This led to the gradual disappearance of the “poteshnie” movement. The article specifically explores the system of national and patriotic education developed within the framework of the “poteshnie” movement. The paper concludes that while the prevailing view in historiography sees the “poteshnie” as an independent extracurricular children's movement, it is also partially correct to consider them as the initial stage of introducing compulsory gymnastics lessons and the military system in schools. However, it is important to note that the system of national education within the “poteshnie” movement was not fully developed and primarily followed the “official nationality theory” proposed by Uvarov.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764928555.pdf
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Abstract:
The article discusses a new source for studying the scientific and creative biography of Evgeny Yulianovich Perfetsky – the archive of Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov, which is stored in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The A.A. Shakhmatov fund contains the correspondence of scientists during the period when Perfetsky, exiled to Kholmogory for revolutionary activities among the youth, received permission to travel abroad and entered the University of Vienna, Department of Slavic Philology (the chronological framework of the correspondence covers the period from 1911–1917). The correspondence of the two Slavists has not yet received due coverage in philological or historical sciences, while it is a source for clarifying our knowledge not only about Shakhmatov’s scientific interests and his connections with fellow Slavists, but also for studying the creative legacy of Perfetsky, who made a significant contribution to the study of the Russian component in the Carpathian territories on the eve of the First World War. The article will provide an analysis of the surviving correspondence, present its main themes, and identify the progress of work on collecting materials for writing works on the history, dialectology, and ethnography of Hungarian Rus (for example, works on the religious movement in Hungarian Rus in the 16th-17th centuries, the existence of printed Old Church Slavonic books in this territory, and the problems of chronicle writing, Perfetsky’s view of which was largely influenced by Shakhmatov).

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589333.pdf
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Abstract:
This article examines the legal significance and specifics of the provisions of the Russian-French Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1911. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of archival and historical and legal documents, as well as to a comparative historical and legal study of the content of the national legislations of the Russian Empire and the French Republic and their relationship to the norms of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886, revised in Berlin on November 13, 1908. An additional source of research was the international treaties and legal doctrine of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to the conclusion about the complex and asymmetric nature of the mutual provision of copyright protection between the two countries. The article analyzes the key aspects of the Convention: the criterion of the place of the first publication, the protection of photographic works, the right to translation and mechanical reproduction of musical works. The purpose of this study is to conduct a historical and legal analysis of the impact of the 1911 bilateral Convention on the development of copyright relations between Russia and France. It is concluded that the Convention failed to fully ensure the principle of mutual and equivalent copyright protection due to differences in national legislation. It is proved that the law of the Russian Empire of March 20, 1911 de jure provided broader protection to foreign works, but its implementation for French authors became possible only after the conclusion of the 1911 Convention. The author concludes that the Convention has provided a significant advantage to French authors in the Russian market, while Russian authors have received only partial additional protection in France. Based on the analysis of the institute of the “legal original” and the rules on translation, a conclusion is drawn about the progressive nature of Russian legislation that facilitated cultural exchange.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764928570.pdf
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Abstract:
This work is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of the sentiments of soldiers drafted from the Olonets province in letters to their loved ones during the First World War. The purpose of the study is to show how the moods of military personnel changed from the beginning to the end of the war. The material consisted of letters from soldiers from the Olonets province, published in the collection of some documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia and the Leningrad Regional State Archive “Karelia during the First World War: a collection of documents and materials”. The methodological complex includes such methods as the historical and systematic method, the historiographic method, the synthesis method, etc. An analysis of the epistolary work of the soldiers of the Olonets province, called up to the front, showed that the dynamics of the tonality of front-line letters varies greatly from year to year. The letters from the beginning of the war (1914) are very pessimistic due to appeals to the poor organization of front-line life, heavy losses, and unsatisfactory training of personnel. At the beginning of 1915, the tone changed, which was probably due to an improvement in the combat situation, but at the end of the year the tone changed again to a pessimistic one, and decadent trends began to be traced, including the uselessness of this war. The letters of the Cossacks and those excerpts of which were published in newspapers are radically different; they are filled with patriotism, bravado and the expectation of an early victory. It is impossible not to note the influence of censorship: in some letters of 1914, the fighters directly point out the impossibility of writing about the real state of affairs at the front.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589486.pdf
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Abstract:
This work is devoted to the study of certain aspects of the volunteer movement in the Amur region. Documents from the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East were used as materials. The historical-system method, the method of content analysis, the historical-semiotic method, etc. are used as research methods. In the course of the work done, the authors concluded that the volunteer movement in the Amur region was quite massive. Taking into account the 30,000 mobilized from the reserve, “several thousand volunteers” look like a fairly massive phenomenon. The military leadership noted the high patriotic enthusiasm of the mobilized contingent, but there were also organizational difficulties, in particular, unsatisfactory logistics caused by off-road conditions, poor communication between recruiting stations due to the remoteness of the territories and their weak settlement. Both retired lower ranks and senior officers, including colonels and lieutenant colonels, applied to the draft as volunteers. These appeals indicate the desire of non-conscripted military personnel to participate in hostilities in every possible way as volunteers. This may indirectly indicate that the patriotic upsurge and the desire to serve the Motherland were quite high even in cases where the command of the recruiting stations was not going to mobilize those who were not conscripted or had a reservation for the mobilization of categories of subjects. In addition to patriotism, in the documents studied by the volunteers, a very difficult financial situation is also noted, namely, a situation of extreme need. As for the participation of the Korean ethnic group in the volunteer movement, historical documents indicate their contradictory sentiments: there is evidence of the genuine patriotism of the newly adopted subjects, and there are documents that indicate attempts to evade service in the army and, accordingly, at the front, and the desire to enlist in the local militia, thus avoiding combat.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589605.pdf
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Abstract:
The intensification of migration flows in the context of the escalation of local military conflicts and terrorist danger forces any state to pay special attention to working with forced resettlement, primarily when implementing the political line of national security. The First World War boosted the phenomenon of forced migration, strengthening new adaptation tasks, among which we find the educational aspect. It should be noted, that despite the fact that a number of researchers from different fields were engaged in the study of migration processes at that time, the problem of their adaptation was considered only in the aspect of charity. Moreover, researchers focus mainly on the problems of organizing the education process for certain ethnic groups, ignoring the broader subject of research – educational activities in relation to migrants in general, as representatives of various social groups and communities. The purpose of this article is to analyze the mechanisms for the provision of educational needs regarding all the categories of forced migrants in Siberia during the First World War. Assuming the scale of forced migration and the complexity of its internal structure, the authors based their research on a system approach. The article is based on historical-sociological and historical-typological methods, the application of which made it possible to identify typical structural mechanisms in the educational field of public activity. As a result of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the short-sighted policy of the government, that were caught between two stools – an idea of strict subordination of migrants’ education to the state and an attempt to pass all the expenses (especially the financial part) to public organizations and regional authorities, discredited and neutralized the positive aspects of the activities. A significant role was also played by the lack of any developed methodology in the field of spiritual assistance to migrants.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589670.pdf
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Abstract:
The article, based on materials from periodicals of the pre-Soviet period, analyzes the topic of volunteer assistance by labor squads to peasant farms of the Tsaritsyn district of the Saratov Krai. The main attention in the publication is paid by the authors to the active actions of the students to form in June 1915 the first labor squad in the city of Tsaritsyn and the organization of agricultural work. The form of support for peasant farms of front-line families is considered the most priority and rational among charitable practices, which has become a response to patriotic appeals to the student youth of the public and representatives of local government structures about the need to help agriculture. The article reveals the peculiarities of the working everyday life of vigilantes at the time of harvesting cereal crops in the fields of the southernmost district of the Saratov province. For the purpose of objective assessment, everyday life, the reality of the events that took place (hunger, difficulties of living conditions) and the saturated mode of operation of the student squad, but also the total volume of harvested and threshed grain crops in three villages of the county are analyzed. Conclusion: the vigilantes could not play a decisive role in the “battle for the harvest”, at the same time, the work of student squads, consisting of urban youth, should be considered quite productive and productive, in the context of a small particle in the general contribution of the country's citizens to provide food for the army and rear.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589736.pdf
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Abstract:
This manuscript is devoted to the study of sources about the partisan movement in the Russian Empire during the First World War (1914–1918) and is the first part of our research. The research materials are documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive, etc., as well as historical works on the problems of the partisan movement in the First World War. Historiographical, historical-genetic, historical-systemic and other methods were used as a methodological complex. Summing up the results of the first part of their research, the authors conclude that documents related to the partisan movement during the First World War and located in the Russian State Military Historical Archive, namely the “Instruction on the organization, actions, monetary maintenance and reporting of partisan detachments” dated October 30, 1915 and the “List of partisan detachments” Dated the same year, they give an idea of the nature, number and quality of the partisan detachments. So, a partisan detachment was created under the regular army and was part of a certain combat unit. The number of units on the fronts ranged from 9 to 12. There were 42 partisan detachments on all fronts. The documented number in each of the partisan detachments did not exceed 200 fighters. There was always an officer at the head of the squad. He reported directly to the division commander or ataman. Depending on the number, he relied on several officers and non-commissioned officers to carry out his command. The squad leader himself recruited assistants from among other officers and non-commissioned officers. The fighters in the partisan detachment were recruited on a voluntary basis, but only those who distinguished themselves in battles with bravery and resourcefulness. The authors noted that most of the detachments had combat horses. As for weapons, automatic weapons – machine guns of the Maxim, Schwarzlose, Bergman, Browning machine guns, Madsen, Hotchkiss manual systems – were observed infrequently: in less than half of the total number of detachments. Artillery in the partisan detachments was extremely rare and was not numerous (of the 42 detachments, only two were armed, and then only five barrels).

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589818.pdf
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Abstract:
This manuscript is the second part of our research and is devoted to the study of sources about the partisan movement in the Russian Empire during the First World War (1914–1918). The materials of the study were documents: the report of podesaul A.G. Shkuro, stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive, as well as historical works on the problems of the partisan movement in the First World War. Historiographical, historical-genetic, historical-systemic and other methods were used as a methodological complex. In conclusion, the authors note that the report can be considered a short tutorial that formed the basis of the guerrilla war organized by the Russian Imperial Army. The top military leadership evaluated and accepted this report and established intelligence and sabotage guerrilla activities in accordance with the principles set out in this report. The tasks of the partisan movement were: Covertly delivering small but frequent attacks on the enemy's rear infrastructure, harming and destroying enemy logistics; the emphasis was on patriotism and volunteerism. The priority was given to high-quality financing of the detachment, carried out through donations from entrepreneurs. The squad leader had to always have cash for bribing, hiring, buying supplies, etc. Taking into account the fact that all military units of the army, without exception, had to contribute to the detachment, we can talk about the elitism of the partisan detachments; their “special” reconnaissance and sabotage purpose was explicitly stated in the documents of that time. Shkuro called 90–120 horsemen, and exclusively volunteers, the optimal number of fighters in the detachment. The commander himself selected the fighters for his squad. It also justifies the need for partisans to deviate from the provisions of the law, the charter and the rules of warfare.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589920.pdf
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Abstract:
This paper commemorates the 10th anniversary of the East European Historical Society. It goes over the key areas of the Society’s work, including its publication activity, its own mass media, its projects designed to popularize academic knowledge, and its contests for the best research work. The work leans on four groups of sources – (1) collections of published documents, (2) materials from the Society’s official website, (3) materials from the citation database Web of Science, and (4) commemorative and other publications. The study’s findings reveal that in the 10-year period of its existence the East European Historical Society has achieved a number of significant outcomes. Its members have published nearly 70 articles, with at least 40 of those appearing in journals indexed by Web of Science. The most significant of the publications is the 850-page ‘The Circassian Slave Narratives (A Documentary Collection)’, a work which would doubtless be a credit to any modern academic institution. The Society has produced mass media of its own. Specifically, it published the journal East European History from 2015 to 2020 and has produced the journal Recorder since 2025. In addition, since 2018 the Society has stewarded a news-focused academic project known as the Eastern European Scientific Information Agency. The Society has given serious attention to organizational work as well. From 2015 to 2019, the Society was among the organizers of six contests for the best research work – an anniversary commemorative contest (2015) and five ‘Slavery in the Past and Present’ annual events (2015–2019)

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764589991.pdf
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URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764928585.pdf
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URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1764590028.pdf
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