2 June 01, 2025

Abstract:
This historiographical study is devoted to the Cossack uprising of 1625 under the leadership of Mark Zhmailo and is dedicated to its 400th anniversary. The material of the work was the works in which this uprising is mentioned, the main research methods were the method of historiographical analysis and the method of classification. The authors divided the historiography of the uprising into categories: works devoted directly to the uprising; comprehensive works on history, including textbooks; works on the history of the Cossacks; and studies on religious topics, which describe the Zhmailo uprising. There are relatively few studies directly related to the uprising, which is explained by the narrowness of the source base, as well as the subject of the study; the uprising was short-lived and did not entail any serious political results. Among the works directly examining the uprising of 1625, we note the articles by B.N. Florey, T.R. Kovalets, K.A. Kochegarov, and others. There is no fundamental research on this issue. The most numerous is the category of works on the history of the Cossacks. In many of them, the Zhmaylo uprising is described with varying degrees of detail, but invariably in the context of gaining independence, unwillingness to live as part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the desire to reunite with Russia. This category of works (from modern ones) includes the research of I.Y. Vasiliev, I.Y. Erokhin, S.V. Rybakov, E.P. Savelyev, A.V. Sopov, Yu.R. Fedorovsky, P.T. Firov, V.Y. Sharovatova, T.R. Kovalets, Yu.M. Nikolchenko, T.M. Nikolchenko, V.I. Sergiychuk, A.L. Stanislavsky et al. Information about the uprising is also contained in textbooks, in particular, by such authors as A.S. Orlov, V.A. Georgiev, N.G. Georgieva, T.A. Sivokhina, A.N. Sakharov, V.I. Semenenko, L.A. Radchenko, and others, as well as in comprehensive monographs on the history of Russia or Ukraine (for example, such researchers as A.V. Voronyansky, L. Gaidai, A.N. Dolgikh, D.A. Levchik, A.I. Rigelman, A.V. Guschin, A.S. Levchenkov, E.A. Kosovan, etc.).

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766221.pdf
Number of views: 11      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Ideology always played an important role in state foreign policy. As its inherent element and communication factor, cultural diplomacy is considerable in world politics as well. Famous intellectuals of the Modern Age history were often applied by state authorities as accredited representatives, personal secretaries or diplomatic advisors. It was artists who founded the Modern Age diplomacy. They impacted on skills of negotiations and performed important duties in international politics. The article reflects role and relevance of diplomacy art in European ceremonies of the 17th-19th centuries. Attitude to diplomatic ceremonies was regarded as an actual attitude to current authorities of a certain state. Diplomatic relations between countries were accompanied by properly elaborated ceremonies where artists were usual participants. It produced a corresponding image of and respect to the country authorities. Involvement of proper persons to diplomatic activities indicates wisdom and reason of past authorities. Despite originality of Muscovy ceremonies, diplomatic protocol of the Russian Empire was approved in legal acts, which shows an important step in diplomacy development. Historical sources confirm that art was a relevant component of the world politics in the 17th-19th centuries. To prepare this article, the authors used Russian Empire legal acts on rules of international missions and court ceremonies as well as unique sources (for example, document circulation between diplomatic officials of leading countries in the 17th-18th centuries: England, the Netherlands, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the USA, France).

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766284.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This study is devoted to the activities of the Order of Freemasons in the Russian state during the reign of Peter I (1682–1725) to Nicholas II (1894–1917). The materials include works on Russian Freemasonry from the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods, and the research methodology includes such methods of historical research as historical-systemic, historical-genetic, content analysis, classification method, etc. Summing up the research, the author notes that the novelty of the presented work is due to a more convenient and simplified classification of the periods of development of Freemasonry in Russia, which includes four stages: 1. The birth of Freemasonry in Russia (1698–1731): the so-called "legendary" period, which is not confirmed in the documents, however, the Europeanizing policy of Peter I allows most historians to assume a strong influence of the ideas of Freemasonry on the first Russian emperor; 2. The establishment of Freemasonry (1731–1762): a representative office of the order was opened in the Russian Empire, and ideas began to spread among the political elites, namely, the noble guard. There are no direct documents on the political influence of the Masonic lodge, but during this period five monarchs were enthroned or overthrown by the guard. In our opinion, the influence of the Freemasons was not so strong, especially during the reign of Anna Ioannovna and Elizabeth Petrovna, to determine the policy of the state; 3. The spread of Freemasonry in the Russian Empire (1762–1792): it became possible thanks to the liberal policy of Catherine the Great; Freemasons spread extremely widely (including Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich), as a result of which they began to influence politics and represent the opposition, effectively destroying the state system built by Catherine. This led to the prohibition of Freemasonry; 4. The prohibition of Freemasonry in Russia (1792–1917). Paul I, being a Freemason himself, realized the negative impact, if not of the ideas, then of the actions of Freemasonry, therefore Catherine II's ban remained in force. While maintaining the legal ban, but somewhat indulging the Freemasons, Alexander I in 1801–1822 treated them with leniency until their ideas began to mix with revolutionary Decembrism. In 1822, a decree was issued prohibiting the activities of any secret societies, which remained in force until 1917, and Freemasonry in Russia became illegal.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766338.pdf
Number of views: 11      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the historical phenomenon of the cult of holy places and the tradition of pilgrimage in the spiritual practice of the Kazakhs. Based on information from archival sources and the works of researchers of the culture of traditional Kazakh society of the 18th – early 20th centuries (Ch.Ch. Valikhanov, I.G. Andreev, A.I. Levshin, Ya.P. Gaverdovsky, N.N. Pantusov, I.A. Kastanye, Yu.A. Schmidt), the characteristic of the historical geography of sacred objects of the Kazakhs is given, the sources of the formation of the cult of holy places in the spiritual worldview of the people are analyzed, regional features (Southern, Western, Central Kazakhstan) of the traditions of veneration of holy places and small pilgrimage are shown. In the southern regions of Kazakhstan, where the level of Muslim religiosity among Kazakhs was higher, and the cult of Muslim preachers dominated; in other regions, in addition to Muslim saints, they revered ancestors, batyrs (heroes), biys (local rich governors), healers, and historical figures. The author summarizes the conclusion that the formation of the religious landscape among the Kazakhs was a consequence of the sacralization of space and the result of the spread and establishment of Islam. The veneration of pagan sacred objects in the cult practices of Kazakh nomads and the deep-rooted traditions of minor pilgrimage can be regarded as a marker of their religious identity and an indicator of the level of Muslim religiosity of the population.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766411.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the Russian Empire’s territorial expansion strategy in the 18th century, using the formation of the Irtysh military line as a case study. The construction of this defensive system took place within a complex geopolitical context that included conflict with the Dzungar khanate, the development of trade relations with Central Asian states, and the gradual integration of the Kazakh steppe into the russian sphere of influence. The study focuses on the preconditions for the creation of the line, its key stages of development, and its strategic significance in consolidating imperial presence in the Irtysh region. Particular attention is paid to russia’s military and administrative policies in the frontier zones, the practice of building fortifications, and the specific nature of interactions between kazakh clans and cossack communities, whose role in the colonial process was both complex and often contradictory. The article examines how the system of fortified lines contributed to the advancement of russian borders, the entrenchment of imperial authority, and the transformation of the local landscape. The relevance of this study lies in the need to understand the strategic and long-term consequences of Russian expansion into Northeastern Kazakhstan. Although the military history of the region has been the subject of extensive research, the history of the Irtysh Military Line remains insufficiently explored. Analyzing this phenomenon provides deeper insight into the features of Russian colonial policy in the 18th century and its enduring impact on regional development. The study draws on a wide range of sources, including archival materials and the works of Russian and Kazakhstani scholars. This comprehensive approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the Irtysh Line’s role within the broader context of imperial frontier policy.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766472.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the early legislative acts of the Russian Empire aimed at regulating the legal framework of the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, as well as state measures related to the development of these resorts. In general, the legal basis for the formation of domestic state and legal resort policy is considered to be the Decree of Peter I of June 24, 1717 “On the search for mineral waters in Russia”. However, for a long time, these measures had little impact on the North Caucasus, which was not yet fully integrated into the sovereign geopolitical space of the Russian Empire. Today, the official date of the creation of the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is considered to be 1803, when Alexander I issued a rescript granting them state significance. However, the authors suggest counting the history of these resorts from 1780, when the Konstantinogorskaya fortress (the future city of Pyatigorsk) was founded here. There is convincing evidence that even then, local mineral water sources were actively used by the Russian military, and the government took significant steps to develop these resorts. The article also examines the further evolution of legal norms regarding the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and the related achievements in the administrative-legal field, which were later adopted not only by Soviet legislation, but also by modern Russian law. The importance of new scientific, historical, and legal research, based on past experience in the development of domestic resort legislation, is highlighted. This will not only provide a theoretical understanding of the historical legal regulation of relationships in the creation and functioning of national resorts but also open the way for the formulation of practical proposals for incorporating previous political and legal achievements at the present stage.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766542.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article is devoted to the study of the formation of Russian legal education in the pre-revolutionary period. This study identifies key milestones in the development of higher legal education and the legal profession in the Russian Empire. As a periodization, the author chose the period from the founding of the first universities of the Russian Empire to the revolution of 1917. The author has identified such key stages of the formation and formation of legal education in the Russian Empire as: the foundation of the first higher educational institutions, the systematization and structural organization of universities (university reform of Alexander I), the reign of Alexander II, the characteristic features of which are considered to be the implementation of a number of reforms, including educational reforms, as well as reforms of the organization of judicial power and the administration of justice, most famous as the Judicial Reform of 1864, as well as the counter-reform period of the reign of Alexander III., a characteristic feature of which is the policy of strengthening autocracy. In addition, in the course of this study, the author has studied and analyzed in detail the most significant normative legal acts aimed at regulating the field of education in the Russian Empire, namely the university charters issued under the emperors: Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II and Alexander III. The author of this study pays special attention to the impact and significance of the Judicial Reform of 1864, which became a kind of starting point for the emergence of the legal profession in the Russian Empire, as well as the importance of counter-reforms in the field of education and the judicial system of Alexander III.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766610.pdf
Number of views: 11      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This study is dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the first palace coup in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, which marked the beginning of a period called the era of palace coups by historians. The materials of the work were the works of pre-revolutionary (S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky, N.I. Kostomarov, K.N. Arsenyev, N.A. Belozerskaya, Ya.K. Grot, etc.) and modern historians (N.I. Pavlenko, I.V. Kurukin, M.M. Istomina, etc.). Historiographical, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historicalsystemic and other methods were used as methods. The coup of 1725, to the credit of its participants, turned out to be quiet: the parties did not shed each other's blood, but peacefully agreed with each other, dividing the spheres of influence. Two influential groups fought for power: hereditary aristocrats led by Prince D.M. Golitsyn and lowclass Petrovsky nobles led by Field Marshal A.D. Menshikov. Having lured the guard and influential officials to their side, Menshikov and Ekaterina were able to seize power and force the leadership of the main administrative bodies of the empire to swear allegiance to themselves. Despite its peaceful nature, the coup of 1725 had very far-reaching consequences, beginning the socalled era of palace coups, the end of which is usually dated to 1762 and the accession of Catherine II to the throne. However, it would be fair to call the upper chronological boundary the year 1801, when Paul I was assassinated and Alexander I came to power.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766658.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Sultan Abulfeis headed the some clan subdivisions of the tribe of Naiman in Eastern Kazakhstan and was one of the most influential Kazakh rulers of the Middle Juz in the second half of the 18th century. However, his active military and diplomatic activity is not fully reflected in the scientific literature. Relations with the Kyrgyz, whose lands were territorially adjacent to Abulfeis' possessions, remain a poorly studied topic. In the historiography the issues of Kazakh-Kyrgyz interaction in the specified chronological framework are reflected fragmentarily, some facts of long confrontation are noted, connected, first of all, with the name of Sultan and Abylai Khan, Abulfeis is mentioned as one of his military allies. The purpose of the study is to show the participation and role of Abulfeis in Kazakh-Kyrgyz military and political contacts in the second half of the 18th century and to note their main causes and results. The source base of the study consists of published and unpublished documents revealing the policy of Sultan Abulfeis in relation to neighboring states and peoples. Information on this subject is provided by the correspondence of the military and civil authorities of the Russian Empire, reflecting the events in the Middle Zhuz, as well as documents on foreign policy activities of the Qing Empire, including the interaction directly with Sultan Abulfeis. In the study the principles of historicism and objectivism were implemented, methods of analysis, comparison and interpretation of historical data were used in the work with sources. The historical circumstances, participants, course and results of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz military clashes of 1750–1780 are shown in chronological sequence. The principled position of non-interference in the protracted conflict on the part of the Russian and Qing empires is noted. Military-diplomatic relations with the Kyrgyz were an important part of the ‘eastern’ direction of Abulfeis' policy. Its success largely depended on the coordination of plans and interaction between the Kazakh nobility of the Middle Juz. The main reasons for the conflicts were the struggle for nomads in the former Dzungar lands, material and political benefits from successful military campaigns (amanates, captives, cattle), and competition for control over trade caravans from Central Asia.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766715.pdf
Number of views: 8      Download in PDF

Abstract:
It is devoted to the problem of horse theft among the Tatars-Mishars of Mordovia in the 18th-19th centuries. The author analyzed the legislation regarding this unlawful act; drew attention to the reasons for its appearance; measures to combat it by law enforcement agencies; the attitude of the authorities and the population; types of punishment, both legally justified and illegal – within the framework of lynching. The results of the analysis of available sources made it possible to come to the conclusion that the type of crime against property under consideration was characteristic not only for the provinces of the Volga region, but on various scales it became widespread throughout the country. In this regard, the fight against this type of crime during this period was given special importance. This was mainly due to the fact that the horse was the main tool of production for rural residents, and its loss represented significant material damage for the owner, in most cases threatened with ruin and starvation. In addition, horse movement was almost the only possible communication option between settlements. It was established that horse theft was one of the worst types of theft and was condemned by peasant society. In particular, the person himself, convicted of theft, lost the respect of the community, and this offense cast a shadow on the whole family. Despite the fact that serious measures were taken both at the highest legislative level by tightening sanctions and at the local level, nevertheless, a clear system for combating horse theft was not formed in the end.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766757.pdf
Number of views: 12      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The dusty campaign of 1771 in Kalmyk historiography is illuminated as the mass migration of the Volga Kalmyks in Dzungaria. This event is one of the most dramatic episodes in the history of the Kalmyk people, who left an indelible mark in their collective memory and cultural identity. This event was accompanied by numerous Kazakh-Kalmyk clashes, which should be interpreted not as a manifestation of ethnic enmity, but as a result of an objective clash of interests of two nomadic peoples. Modern Kalmyk historians strive for a deeper and more objective analysis of the events of 1771. They use new sources, conduct comparative research and take into account the achievements of world historical science. Kalmyk historiography, analyzing these events, focuses on the need for a deeper study of the interaction of nomadic peoples with sedentary cultures, as well as the identification of gaps in existing research. In general, Kalmyk historiography practically does not explore the history of Kazakhs as one of the parties to the participants in such a central historical event as a «Dusty campaign» and focuses on the internal causes of the beginning of tragic migration. Kazakhs and the territory of the Kazakh steppe are often considered as a certain historical background, the influence of which is quite conditional. Such a perception of the «Kazakh factor» does not allow the objective reconstruction of the history of those events that leads to a simplification of joint history. This article can serve as the basis for solving a historical problem: setting the problem of studying the relationship of the event and territory, that is, a dusty campaign and the Kazakh steppe. The results can be used to develop new approaches to the analysis of historical processes, which contributes to a more objective understanding of the role of the Kalmyk people in the context of Russian statehood and its integration into modern society.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766803.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The community among the Perm peoples in the 18th-19th centuries was a historical and social organism in which social relations were regulated, to a large extent, by the norms of customary law. It not only preserved and passed on customary legal norms from generation to generation, but also served as a guarantor of their implementation, generating the emergence of new patterns of behavior created in everyday practice, enshrined in customary legal norms, and also contributed to their implementation. It influenced the formation of the legal culture and legal consciousness of its members. The study devoted to the community as a subject of customary law among the Perm peoples in the 18th-19th centuries, possessing legal personality, seems to be a relevant phenomenon today. In the chronological period under consideration, the community among the Perm peoples, as a traditional institution and subject of customary law, possessed legal personality, including legal capacity, legal capacity, and tort capacity. Being a single ethno-socio-cultural organism, within which all elements are interconnected and based on ritual-cult, customary-legal, ideological-mythological systems, the community retained local administrative functions throughout the period under study. However, in addition to territorially limited local administrative powers, the community after the reforms of the 60s of the XIX century gradually began to transform from a collective in which elements of democracy were applied, into the lowest level of the state apparatus, acquiring the features of a nominal subject of public relations.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766873.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article is dedicated to Arungazy Abulgaziev (1785/1787–1833), a Kazakh khan unrecognized by the Russian Empire. Based on archival sources, the study examines the life and activities of this Kazakh Chinggizid, as well as his final years spent in Kaluga. The study examines the period of rule of the Chinggizids from the Kaip dynasty (ancestors of Sultan Aryngazy) in the Khiva Khanate, with a particular focus on their relations with the Russian Empire. It explores their efforts to secure the same privileges as the Khan Abulkhair’s descendants, as well as the causes of the conflict between Aryngazy Abulgaziev and the Khan of Khiva. The publication also investigates the interactions between Orenburg Military Governor P.K. Essen and Sultan Aryngazy, along with Khan Shergazy Ayshuakov. It highlights Essen’s attempts to appoint Aryngazy as the khan of the Junior Horde and examines the role of A. Abulgaziev during the diplomatic mission of Y. Gaverdovsky to Bukhara. The research analyzes the underlying causes of the crisis of supreme authority in the Steppe, the reasons for the shift in allegiance of the Kazakhs from Khan Shergazy Ayshuakov to Aryngazy Abulgaziev, and the latter’s policies aimed at consolidating his power in the Junior Horde. Additionally, the study provides insights into the genealogy of the Kazakh Chinggizids. The article also delves into the activities of the Asiatic Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which played a decisive role in determining the fate of the Chinggizid Aryngazy Abulgaziev and, more broadly, the question of supreme authority in the Kazakh Steppe. This work identifies the reasons behind the detention of the Kazakh ruler in the capital and his subsequent exile, while also presenting details about his family and their lives following Aryngazy’s death. The article also provides a detailed investigation into the activities of the Asian Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which deliberated on the fate of the Chinggizid Aryngazy Abulgaziev and, most importantly, the existence of supreme power in the Kazakh Steppe.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766926.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
One of the founders of Kazakh ethnography, Kh.A. Argynbayev (1924–1998), made a significant contribution to the examination of the problem of traditional animal husbandry as the main type of economy and life support system of the Kazakhs. The most systematically the results of his scientific research, he set out in his fundamental work “Ethnographic essay on the animal husbandry of the Kazakhs”. The authors of the article also used archival documents and the works of pre-revolutionary authors as sources. Kh.A. Argynbayev came to the well-founded conclusion that the Kazakhs had animal husbandry, which had fully developed by the 18th century, conditionally divided into three types: nomadic, semi-nomadic, and sedentary. Semi-nomadic animal husbandry prevailed over most of Kazakhstan, while nomadic animal husbandry was dominant in Western and Central Kazakhstan. The smallest distribution was in sedentary cattle breeding, mainly among the Kazakhs of the southern and southeastern regions of Kazakhstan. In the steppe zone, the meridional method of nomadicities was mainly practiced, and in mountainous areas, that is, in the east and southeast of the Kazakhstani nomadic area-vertical distillation of livestock. The work of Kh.A. Argynbayev reflected the issue of the traditional system of land ownership and land use. Autumn, spring and summer pastures were in the common ownership of a certain tribe, and winter pastures were mainly in the use of influential bais and biis, transforming into private ownership. The main types of animals were four main species, called by the Kazakhs “tort tulik mal”, these are horses, sheep, camels and cattle, in the herd mainly sheep predominated. Among wealthy cattle breeders, the number of cattle in the herd reached 20,000 or more. Depending on the seasons of the year, the pastures received their names: kystau (wintering), kokteu (spring pasture), zhailau (summer pasture), kuzdeu (autumn pasture). Based on the study of sources and collected field materials on the problem of watering cattle, Kh.A. Argynbayev identified the existence of 2 types of wells depending on the depth: shallow (sayaz kudyk) and bottomless (shynyrau kudyk). At the end of the 19th century, a stable trend of mass transition from nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding to agriculture emerged in the central, northern and northeastern regions.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748766984.pdf
Number of views: 6      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is dedicated to analyzing how effective was the defense system of the Orenburg Borderlands of the Russian Empire in 1801–1831 at protecting local populace from steppe nomad’s slave raids, and how efficiently were local officials organizing rescue of the Russian subjects already taken into slavery. The research is based on materials of the Joint State Archive of Orenburg Region (OGAOO), previously mostly unpublished. Firstly, the author analyzes the overall dynamics for the number of slaves captured at the time, the number of killed during slave raids, and the number of liberated from slavery. Secondly, thorough examination of well-documented individual cases helps understand real practices of the local officials and officers. The second part of the article shows that the officials of Orenburg borderland were quite formal in their attitude towards liberating specific people from captivity. Usually, after initial failures, they kept taking actions only at relatives’ requests. Exception were slaves who had high status prior to their capture (the officers) or influential patrons. In their cases the array of actions taken to liberate them was significantly wider. However most had to either save themselves or were saved by nomads granted reward from Russian authorities. And it is the creation of a reward system for people rescuing slaves from Central Asia that provokes the least criticism out of all the courses of action of Orenburg government.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748773291.pdf
Number of views: 8      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article explores the processes of urbanization in Kabarda within the context of Russian military colonization and the incorporation of the region into the imperial administrative, legal, and cultural space. Particular attention is paid to the challenges faced by the indigenous population in adapting to the urbanizing environment of the Russian fortress/settlement of Nalchik. The study examines competing scenarios for the integration of the Kabardians through their involvement in urban culture – ranging from the formation of ethnic Highlander quarters within the Russian urban environment to the establishment of a fully-fledged “Kabardian” town in the vicinity of the Nalchik fortress. It is emphasized that under wartime conditions and the strategic imperative of colonizing a new imperial frontier, the Russian authorities prioritized the development of Nalchik as a distinctly Russian ethnic location. As a result, the Kabardians’ interaction with Nalchik—which had become the administrative center of Kabarda – was limited and regulated by military command, and therefore remained minimal. Representatives of the loyal Highland elite visited the settlement only briefly for official duties, and annual People's Assemblies were held there. After the transformation of the Nalchik fortress into a settlement in 1862, the Russian authorities supported its development as an economic, cultural, and educational center for the indigenous population. Nevertheless, this did not lead to the formation of a permanent Kabardian community in Nalchik. The article identifies the key factors that hindered this process. It is noted that ethnocultural differences between the Russian population and the Highlanders, along with the collective memory of a traumatic past, made harmonious coexistence within the settlement problematic at this stage. The Kabardians’ rural settlement patterns and agrarian economic practices acted as additional barriers to their adaptation in an unfamiliar urban environment.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767062.pdf
Number of views: 6      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Currently, the realization of the historical experience of social support for military disabled people in Russia is particularly important. The quality of their adaptation to peaceful life depends on the resources and opportunities that society and the state are willing to provide for war invalids. During the imperial period of Russia's history, there was a practice of public charity by creating disabled teams, whose members received pensions, clothing allowances, and housing, but had to continue their service. However, their service activities were connected with the performance of non-military, but civil duties. Members of the disabled teams were involved in various types of work, which determined their daily work. This article, based on archival materials from the State Archive of the Tomsk Region, examines the specifics of the involvement of military invalids in Western Siberia in various spheres of public life in which they worked and received remuneration. An important question raised in the article concerns the nature of employment for military invalids – to what degree it was an integral part of their everyday life and to what extent it aligned with the objectives of professional rehabilitation for this category of the population. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that during the period of the 19th and early 20th centuries, two distinct models of employment for military invalids can be identified. The first model was characterized by the transformation of official activity into socio-professional activity carried out in the urban space. The employment of persons with disabilities was provided and financed based on the needs of the local community. The second model, developed in the early years following the Russian-Japanese War, was closer to the principles of social policy, focusing on the employment of war invalids based on their contributions to society and the state. The rehabilitation aspect was already central to this model. The comparison of the performance of these models allows to judge their effectiveness.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767114.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article examines the organization of two central sections of the Left Wing of the Caucasian Cordon Line – the Sunzhensky Cordon and the Advanced Chechen Line, in the military-political development of the region and the processes of Cossack colonization of the region. These cordon areas were of great strategic importance, since the Grozny fortress was for a long period the center of the Left flank. During the construction of fortifications on both cordon lines, forests were cut down and roads were laid to allow maneuvering during hostilities. Both cordon sections performed the function of military-political subordination of the North-Eastern Caucasus, Cossack and civilian colonization of territories located along the Lines. In the internal structure of the Left flank of the Caucasian cordon line, the Sunzhenskaya line and the Chechen cordon occupied central importance in spatial orientation. The main function of both sections was to establish military control over the lands of Greater and Lesser Chechnya, cover the Kumyk plane, and serve as a filter between the foothill and flat regions of the North-Eastern Caucasus. The processes of resettlement of the autochthonous population of the territories of the North-Eastern Caucasus and settlement along the cordon sections of the Cossack villages, and then, in a later period, through the methods of civil colonization, the incorporation of the region into the Russian Empire took place. The article shows the transformation of the region's governance system (political, military) using the example of the historical transformation of the role and significance of the fortifications of the Sunzhensky cordon and the Chechen Front line in the context of the Caucasian policy of the Russian Empire, in the implementation of state strategies in the context of regional practices of military-political reality.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767155.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the main stages and features of the imperial policy on managing the Cossacks and highlanders in the 19th century. The policy was aimed at the formation of Cossack regiments and their integration in the system of a unified military administration. The Cossacks were involved in rear and border service, the construction of new fortresses and the foundation of villages. During the Caucasian War, the number of Cossacks increased due to the assignment of other categories of the population to them, including highlanders. During this period, the military form of governance of the Cossack and highland population was formed. The newly established Caucasian Viceroyalty played a significant role in the transformation of the Caucasus. Upon completion of military operations, a new form of governance of the local population was implemented – military-people’s governance. Along with the military leadership, mountain elites were involved in making administrative and judicial decisions. The established mountain courts relied on the laws of the Russian Empire, adats and sharia. In the last third of the 19th century in the Kuban and Terek regions, a transition to civil and then military governance took place. At the same time, elements of military-national governance were preserved in the North Caucasus. In the Dagestan Kuban and Terek regions, mountain courts continued their activities. The number of Cossacks decreased, and some villages got the civilian status. Universal military service of the Cossacks was replaced by conscription. Despite the inconsistency and situational nature of many management decisions, the imperial policy for governing the Cossacks and mountaineers as a whole made it possible to solve the problems of pacification and integration of the Caucasus into Russia.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767210.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This scientific article analyzes the development of representative organizations for supporting entrepreneurship in the Yenisei province in the 19th – early 20th centuries. One of the most controversial research topics at present is the problem of the genesis of capitalism in Russia, which, in particular, is considered by researchers through the prism of the development of the merchant class, where representative organizations for supporting entrepreneurship play a special role. Various aspects of the existence and functioning of these organizations have remained poorly studied to this day, since such a social stratum as the merchant class received little attention until the 1990s, and, accordingly, various aspects of its development were not well studied. Most of the works were generalized, and most often they analyzed the socio-economic development of all of Siberia and Russia as a whole. The scientific article provides a small historiographic analysis, from which it is clear that the amount of scientific literature on this issue is extremely small. The main scientific work on this issue is the monograph of Professor E.V. Komleva. The main sources on the topic are unpublished archive materials. They provide information on the functioning of representative organizations for supporting entrepreneurship. In the discussion, the authors analyze representative organizations for supporting entrepreneurship in the Yenisei province in the prerevolutionary period. They also pay special attention to the merchant class as the main class in the mainstream of this problem. The author, based on the results of scientific research, came to the conclusion that such representative organizations as the Yenisei and Krasnoyarsk city councils, the Yenisei public charity order of the Yenisei provincial administration, the Krasnoyarsk merchant society, branches of the State Bank, credit and loan and savings partnerships, had the greatest influence. It is also worth paying attention to the merchant class as the engine of the economy in pre-revolutionary Russia, numerous partnerships that undoubtedly had a positive impact on improving the operating conditions of agricultural and industrial enterprises, developing land, making wider use of machinery, etc. entrepreneurs belonging to different classes and living in remote parts of the Yenisei province.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767511.pdf
Number of views: 6      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Customary law in Siberia was in force until the first quarter of the 20th century. The reforms of the 19th century covered not only the territorial structure and management issues, but also the regulatory system. The study examines the process of codification of the customary law of the nomadic peoples of Eastern Siberia from the point of view of form and content. Various sources, including normative legal acts, were used in the preparation of codified acts. Reformers viewed customary law from the perspective of written law. Therefore, the codified act included: concepts, general rules and features, etc. The draft was prepared in the likeness of a legal act, taking into account the existing rules of presentation of the rule of law. The process of codification of the customary law of the Siberian indigenous peoples was influenced by the political and legal processes that took place in the Russian Empire. The article analyzes the sources of the Code of Customs of nomadic peoples and the tasks set by the reformers. The main stages of codification are highlighted. The article examines the projects prepared at each stage from the perspective of the content and evolution of the approach to the idea of codification. The reasons for the refusal to approve the Code of Steppe Laws of the nomadic peoples of Eastern Siberia are highlighted. During the research, official data, archival materials and prepared projects were used.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767568.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
After the liquidation of the khan's power in Kazakhstan by the reforms of 1822 and 1824, the national aristocracy, represented by the Chinggisids, was removed from governance. The nomadic territory was divided into administrative units, headed mostly by individuals who had little understanding of the people they were supposed to govern. In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, the colonial administration of the steppe regions of Kazakhstan consisted of Russian officials. Based on documentary materials, the article reveals the unscrupulous behavior of the officials in the district administrations of the Akmola region within the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes. Abuses committed by district officials were often directly related to their pursuit of personal enrichment. They particularly profited during the elections of volost managers, when opposing parties sought to garner as many votes as possible. District chiefs, often at the expense of the laws of the Russian Empire, frequently overlooked many violations, sometimes facilitated them, and even took direct part in them. Bribery among other officials was also common. Suppressing the illegal acts of officials in this remote region far from the center was challenging. Higher authorities not only failed to stop these acts but sometimes even tried to justify them. Feeling impunity, colonial officials increasingly violated the laws. To be fair, the policies and unethical activities of the officials were also reflected in the periodicals of the Russian Empire, provoking public condemnation. The discontent of the indigenous population and their complaints against local administration representatives did not always receive an adequate response from high-ranking tsarist officials.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767629.pdf
Number of views: 12      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The political and administrative reforms of the Russian Empire in 1822 resulted in the dissolution of the Kazakh Khanate and the establishment of new governing structures in its place. In the Kazakh steppe, the elder sultanate, bolshevism, and elder leadership replaced the former Khanate system. While the Tsarist administration within the empire included the Governing Senate and Governors-General, governance in Western Siberia was overseen by the Omsk Governor-General, along with a newly established district prikaz in the Middle Zhuz territory of Kazakhstan. Several external districts were created, including Kokshetau and Karkaraly in 1824, Bayanaul in 1833, and Kokpekty in 1844. Following the Khanate’s abolition, elected elder sultans administered the districts, which were further divided into Bolshevism and villages, each managed by Bolshevism and elder leaders. As part of the new administrative reform, Elder Sultans, Bolys, and Starshins were elected to govern the Kazakh steppe, serving within the Russian Empire’s administrative framework. Records of the Elder Sultans' activities from that period are preserved in the archives of both Russia and Kazakhstan. To examine the governance of Elder Sultans between 1822 and 1868, the administrative structures of the Kusmuryn, Karkaraly, Bayanaul, and Kokpekty districts in the Middle Zhuz were analyzed, highlighting their significance in the region’s administration.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748950699.pdf
Number of views: 17      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This historiographical study is devoted to the study of personal materials related to the Decembrist uprising and is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of this event. The historiographical method, the method of classification and synthesis are used as research methods. Personal materials were used as sources, namely: memoirs, diary entries, epistolary legacy and individual notes from such figures of Decembrism as S.P. Trubetskoy, I.D. Yakushkin, N.I. Turgenev, G.S. Batenkov, M.N. Muravyov, F.P. Tolstoy, N.A. Bestuzhev, A.N. Muravyov, A.M. Muravyov, S.P. Shipov, A.F. Baggovut, A.S. Gangeblov, P.H. Grubb, D.I. Zavalishin, V.P. Zubkov, S.E. Raich, A.E. Rosen, Yu. Sabinsky, F.N. Glinka, A.P. Belyaev, I.I. Gorbachevsky, M.S. Lunin, M.A. Fonvizin, F.F. Vigel, P.N. Svistunov, and others. The philosophical and ideological legacy of the leaders of the Decembrist movement, P.I. Pestel, K.F. Ryleev, N.M. Muravyov, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, was not considered in this work because of its very wide popularity. To this day, the source base of materials of personal origin remains not fully disclosed, as historians find new documents in state and personal archives, including abroad.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748767753.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The focus of this study is centered around rare publications from the American Masonic order of Knights Templar produced in the first half of the 19th century. The library at Cherkas Global University currently holds three such publications: Proceedings of the General Grand Encampment of the United States, 1835, Proceedings of the General Grand Encampment of the United States, 1844, and Proceedings of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templars of the State of Ohio, 1845. Methodologically, the study leaned on key historical principles such as historicism and systematicity. Extensive use was made of the source studies method to conduct internal and external criticism of the historical sources. The key findings from this study are: 1) The P.A. Cherkasov Fundamental Electronic Library currently holds three rare publications from the Masonic order of Knights Templar, which are brochures produced in the first half of the 19th century. These were published in 1833, 1844, and 1845, respectively. 2) All three of the brochures report meeting proceedings, with two of them dealing with the General Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of the United States and the third one with the Grand Encampment of an individual US state (Ohio). 3) The publications are not very large (18 to 32 pages) and all consist of a section covering the actual proceedings and one devoted to the Constitution of the General Grand Encampment, with internal document forms also present. 4) These publications are believed to be of significant interest to Freemasonry researchers around the world and in the US, in particular, and could be a valuable source for genealogical research.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748768089.pdf
Number of views: 4      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article reveals the content of the domestic discourse of romantic nationalism, in which the concept of ‘their own foreigners’, constructed by imperial experts, was proposed as a tool to include representatives of the indigenous population of Asian Russia in solving the problems of imperial incorporation of the eastern peripheries. The choice of the temporal boundaries of the study was conditioned by the actualisation of the national consciousness of Russians and the wide discussion of the Slavic question in the domestic intellectual community. In this regard, the product of the discourse of romantic nationalism of the mid-19th – early 20th centuries was the educated society's ideas about the need for cultural integration of the indigenous population of the Asian periphery, which implied the development of an imperial project of colonial mediation, a significant element of which was the involvement of some foreigners in cooperation in the sphere of empire-building. In the course of the research it was established that the circle of potential colonial mediators was not limited to the descendants of titled nobility involved in the practices of administrative management, military activity and educational projects of Russia in the east of the country. The active activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in Asian Russia implied the inclusion of the most educated segment of the indigenous population in the work aimed at Christianisation and religious enlightenment of indigeneous peoples. It is suggested that the model of colonial mediation implemented by the indigenes in various areas of the imperial organisation of the colonised space was not ideal and had many vulnerabilities. The practices of Russian education and upbringing, broadcast by the actors of the empire in relation to the aliens involved in mediation, had twofold consequences and did not always confirm the fact of acculturation of the advanced alien intelligentsia. As bearers of dual identities, prominent representatives of indigenous ethnic groups independently defined the boundaries beyond which collaboration with the imperial authorities became impossible, which called into question the productivity of their work as intermediaries between the Russian administration and their tribesmen.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748950724.pdf
Number of views: 13      Download in PDF

Abstract:
As a result of the enemy's military actions in 1854–1855, Russia faced risks of losing its small permanent population in the Arctic, on the coast of the Barents Sea. On August 11, 1854, as a result of the English bombing, the only town in the area, Cola, which was the mainstay center of the Russian Arctic, was almost completely burned down. The Russian government decided to relocate residents to other settlements and deprived Kola of the status of a county seat. However, a significant part of the townspeople refused to relocate. The restoration of the city began on the ashes of houses. Based on the processing of documents of the church population registration for the Kola parish, demographic data for the city of Kola for 1851–1865 were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time in the article. Their analysis led to the conclusion that within 10 years after the British bombing, Cola was able to restore the balance of births and deaths, but the number of marriages was reduced. The core of the city consisted mainly of merchants, burghers, and the clergy, as the classes most attached to the place. They have made the most significant contribution to the restoration of the city. The peasants, on the contrary, have become the most mobile group and the most inclined to leave the city. The successful experience of population regeneration led not only to the return of Kola to the status of a county seat in 1883, but also to the implementation of a large-scale project of "government colonization" of the Murmansk coast. After restoring the Cola, the locals fixed the ruined “Arctic façade” of the Russian Empire. And this happened at a time when the country faced serious obstacles to its development and could not allocate large funds to the North.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748846409.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The paper is devoted to the assessment of the quantitative potential in processing of information from cases of the insult of Majesty, which are deposited in the fund 4 of the State Archives of the Tambov Region. All episodes from these cases are dated back to the second half of the 19th century. The solution of the posed problem will help both a deeper study of the essence and modifications of monarchical ideas of the Russian state’s population, and the formation of a complete picture of the modernization processes occurred during the late Empire. The geographical principle and the object of the offense are taken as a basis for conducting a quantitative analysis of the discovered cases of the insult of Majesty. The quantitative processing of the recorded episodes geographically was carried out into two guidelines: a comparative correlation of the number of cases that took place both in rural areas and urban settlements, and a comparative analysis of the number of considered episodes in each district. During studying information about the object of an offense, it is necessary to recognize the presence of a certain transparency, since qualitative and quantitative analysis will be more effective in this case. The conducted research allowed the author to come to the following conclusions. The higher frequency of committing such offenses by city dwellers depends on such factors as their better awareness of political changes in the country, accessibility of education for them and, accordingly, the formation of a critical attitude towards the monarchical form of government, as well as more effective work of law enforcement agencies in the cities. Most of the above factors became the reason for the devaluation of the principle of monarchism among the population of those districts that had the necessary railway infrastructure. And, finally, the monarchical sentiments of Tambov residents in the second half of the 19th century were one of the main elements in the structure of their mentality, but the first signs of a decrease in the degree of commitment to the monarchical form of government had already taken place, which allows us to speak, with a certain level of extrapolation, about the initial stage of spiritual modernization of the Russian socium.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748768379.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article examines the impact of Hegel’s philosophy on the worldview of the Russian intelligentsia, which shaped the development of socio-political thought in 19th century in Russia. Primary sources include Hegel’s works, as well as memoirs, letters, and articles by Russian intellectuals who either embraced or criticized the ideas of the German thinker. Hegel’s systematic approach to analyzing reality, interpreting all social phenomena in their interconnectedness and development, was seen by the Russian intelligentsia as highly relevant. However, blind imitation of Hegelian ideas was not accepted in Russian intellectual discourse; instead, there was a selective adoption of elements that aligned with the intelligentsia’s aspirations. The dialectical method failed to become a unifying force for Russia’s thinking society. The excessive abstractness of Hegel’s philosophy, recognized as a flaw by most intellectuals, led to ambiguous interpretations, fostering misunderstanding and division within their ranks. Slavophiles and Westernizers, relying on Hegelian frameworks, proposed differing, sometimes contradictory, models of socio-political development. By the 1860s, disillusionment with philosophy in general—and Hegel’s teachings in particular – arose due to shifts in Russia’s socio-political climate. The intelligentsia’s unrealistic expectation that theoretical philosophy should serve as a tool for solving practical national issues led to a decline in its perceived relevance. Nevertheless, Hegel’s philosophy was not forgotten; the Russian intelligentsia continued to engage with it, debating and comparing their views against it throughout the 19th century.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748768421.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article examines the features of the development of Northern Kyrgyzstan since the end of the 19th century in the context of its integration into the Russian Empire as a national outskirts. A review of modern discourses of scientific literature concerning the history of settlement and advancement into new territories of the Russian Empire is provided, with an emphasis on the terms “colonization”, “development” and “national outskirts”. A historiographical analysis of the pre-revolutionary period of the history of Kyrgyzstan is carried out to identify the main concepts and assess the role of Northern Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia. Particular attention is paid to the stages of peasant resettlement to Semirechye, with an emphasis on the Przhevalsky and Pishpek districts, which were key to this process. The variety of methods of development of the region through changes in the settlement and ethnodemographic structure, as well as changes in agriculture and cattle breeding, and the development of industry are considered. In order to reveal the development of national outskirts by the Russian Empire, the work examines the disagreements between the Turkestan Governor-General and the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture on resettlement issues. It is concluded that the analysis of the differences between the concepts of “colonization” and “colonization policy” emphasizes the importance of an accurate terminological approach for a deep understanding of historical processes. The article argues that the term “colonization policy” more accurately reflects the complexity of imperial strategies to influence the development of the region. It is concluded that the use of this term contributes to a deeper and more accurate analysis of historical processes and their impact on modern challenges and the failure of the discourse of decolonization of Kyrgyzstan.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748768708.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This study examines the reasons and prerequisites, as well as the goals and objectives of the creation of a horticultural and agricultural experimental station in the second half of the 19th century. The materials used were documents from the archive of the resort city of Sochi, newly introduced into scientific circulation, as well as sources of personal origin, articles and monographs by Russian authors. In the course of writing a scientific work, the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and reliability are applied. Narrative, historical-genetic, and content analysis were used as the main methods, which allowed us to examine this topic more reliably. In conclusion, the author came to the following conclusions. Due to the difficult process of colonization of the Black Sea region, where the colonist settlers faced the unusual climatic and agrarian conditions of the mountainous area, it was necessary to create an institution capable of providing the necessary experience and knowledge to the settlers for the successful development of the coast of the Northwest Caucasus. The arguments and justifications of the State Council on the establishment of the Sochi Experimental Station, whose activities were aimed at providing practical assistance to the colonist settlers, were favorably received by Emperor Alexander III, who approved the establishment of an agricultural experimental institution on April 12, 1894.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748768784.pdf
Number of views: 6      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article, based on the materials of travel essays and memoirs of travellers to Central Asia, reveals imperial representations of the ways and variants of the development of the Turkestan region, cultural integration of the indigenous population into the Russian society in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The subject of the study is the imperial narrative of Tashkent's representations as an outpost of Russian colonisation on the eastern outskirts of the country. The choice of chronological boundaries is explained by the special interest of imperial experts in the constructed urban space of Turkestan, the process of which started with the conquest of Tashkent by the corps of General-General Tashkent. The process started with the conquest of Tashkent by Lieutenant-General M.G. Chernyaev's corps and continued in the first decade and a half of the twentieth century. The study has established the ubiquitous presence of the imperial narrative in the texts of experts, which was captured in the rhetoric of Russia's military superiority in the implementation of its civilising mission in the East and became the basis for the formation of the discourse of Tashkent as a centre of imperial dominance in the political sphere. Detailed descriptions of Tashkent in travel materials, reports, and essays also made it possible to state the importance for experts of organising economic industries in Turkestan in accordance with Russian agricultural traditions, which was accompanied by the exoticisation of the lifestyle and economic activities of the indigenous population. The image of Tashkent created by the authors was built in accordance with the ideas of Russian intellectuals about the classical oriental model of interaction between ‘civilisation’ and “barbarism”, communication between a ‘man of power and culture’ and an imperial subaltern in need of outside influence. To this end, the compilers of the materials represent in their texts two Tashkents: ‘native’, foreign and Russian – military, bureaucratic, bringing to the fore the imperial principle of cultural distance in the organisation and functioning of social space.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748768853.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was a vast state in terms of territory and multinational in terms of population, which imposed certain features on the processes of administrative management. The key figures in the management system were the governors of regions and provinces, who, on the one hand, were direct representatives of the supreme power at the local level, on the other hand, they, heading the local government, took on the role of an administrator to resolve pressing issues. The article attempts to analyze the views of the regional governors of the Turgai region on the management of the Kazakh population. The authors used documents from the archives of Russia and Kazakhstan. The materials of the governors' reports became the main historical source. The adaptive practices of local authorities of the Turgai region on the management of Kazakh nomadic volosts are studied taking into account such current methodological areas of focus as new social history, new imperial history. The authors analyzed the views and proposals of regional governors to understand the mechanisms for implementing the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the national outskirts, in particular on the territory of the Turgai region in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The authors conclude that the Turgai regional governors were fully aware of most of the shortcomings in the management of the region associated with local characteristics, covered them in their reports and made efforts to solve these problems.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748768913.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
In early January 1868, the first issue of the official newspaper Terskiye Vedomosti (1868–1917) was published in Vladikavkaz, the regional center of the Tersk region. In August 1867, Abaza A.G. Keshev was invited to the post of editor of the unofficial part of the Terskiye Vedomosti. There are three versions of the program, which, in our opinion, complement each other, have formed a problematic field of the newspaper's work, focusing on the socio-cultural aspects of its activities. The first version is a few lines about the structure of the issue in the editorial column, consisting of three parts, where the first one informs that the official part will publish “general government orders, orders and orders of higher and local authorities”. The second, unofficial one contains “political and administrative telegrams received directly from the Russian telegraphic agency in accordance with the terms and conditions concluded with it, internal news and correspondence from various places in the region”. In the third – “private ads”. We draw attention to the last line of the second part of the first program: the newspaper will publish “articles on geography, history, ethnography, statistics, will be an interpreter of the past and present situation of the region, its needs and requirements”. Focusing readers' attention on local historical and contemporary issues is significant. The editor assumes the responsibility to inform the population of the region about all the events of the past and present, to focus the attention of society and the authorities on the topical issues of the region. In addition to the announced mandatory program, which is typical for all provincial gazettes of the country, there are two more publications in the first issue that researchers have not yet paid due attention to. These are “A few words about the significance of the publication of the Terskiye Vedomosti” and “The publication program of the newspaper Kavkaz and official additions to it in 1868”. We believe that it is the combination of the three variations that reflects its program, course, goals and objectives. As a comparison, we consider the program of A.P. Samoilov, adopted by the leadership of the Tersk region in 1895.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748769100.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article is devoted to the military campaigns of the Turkestan Governorate-General in the Ili region in the early 70-80s of the 19th century, its inclusion in the governorate, as well as the clash of interests of the Russian Empire and China in this territory. Based on primary sources, the authors concluded that as a result of the arbitrary decisions of the Governor-General, the territory that previously belonged to China was temporarily included in the Russian Empire. As a result of the intensifying struggle of the Muslim population of the region against the Manchus, the situation in Ili became extremely tense. In addition, the unrest that arose in the border regions with the Russian Empire greatly worried the Turkestan authorities, and the capture of Ili became a priority task. Despite the fact that high-ranking officials demanded a cautious policy in the border zone, Governor-General K.P. von Kaufman managed to seize the region. In 1871, a new administrative region was formed within the governorate – “Gulja”, which remained part of the Russian Empire for 10 years. However, soon after, China's attempts to regain the lost lands led to serious contradictions between the two states. After the Qing Empire strengthened its position in East Turkestan, China presented Russia with an ultimatum to return the Ili region. Due to external and internal circumstances, the Russian Emperor gave permission to begin negotiations with the Chinese side. Following two years of disagreements and disputes, the Livadia Treaty was signed, according to which a small part of the Ili region was left as part of Russia, and the remaining territory was returned to China. The authors emphasize that the Turkestan Governor-General's going beyond his powers and his desire to seize new lands led to an aggravation of the geopolitical situation in the region. It is also important that the interests and wishes of local peoples were not considered in the current situation.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748774643.pdf
Number of views: 8      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This study is dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the signing of the St. Petersburg Treaty in 1875, which at first relatively clearly delineated the disputed territories and can generally be considered a victory for Russian diplomacy, led by A.M. Gorchakov. The material for the work was modern Russian works on this issue, and historical-systemic and historical-genetic methods, as well as the method of content analysis, were used as research methods. Summing up, the authors note that the agreement represents a very high-quality compromise option, which was implemented by one of the most prominent Russian diplomats, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov. The negotiations were difficult, as the disputed territories – the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island – were historically the sphere of influence of Japan, but were actually colonized by Russia. The Treaty of Shimoda of 1855 and subsequent attempts at treaties (in particular, the “Provisional Agreement on Sakhalin Island” of 1862) did not satisfy either the Russian or Japanese sides. The St. Petersburg Agreement concluded in 1875 declared Sakhalin the territory of the Russian Empire, and the Kuril Islands the territory of the Japanese Empire. Most pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historians consider the treaty beneficial for Japan and unprofitable for Russia, since in military, technical and economic terms the advantage was entirely on the side of the latter, but she made concessions. Nevertheless, Russian Foreign Minister A.M. Gorchakov built a line of negotiations based on the principle of equality, when both sides benefited from the conclusion of the agreement. Compliance with this principle made it possible to postpone the military confrontation for three decades and did not give rise to a declaration of war on Russia by Western countries, primarily Britain and France.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748769243.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article examines the factors that hindered the economic development of Siberia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The most obvious obstacle to the rapid economic development of Siberia in the period under review was the remoteness of the region from European Russia, as well as from the economic centers of European states. It is interesting that the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected Siberia with European Russia, on the one hand, gave impetus to the development of the region, and on the other, according to a number of researchers of the early 20th century, did not have the full impact on the economic development of Siberia that could have been expected. According to contemporaries, the restraining factor in the economic development of Siberia was the tariff policy aimed at protecting agricultural producers in European Russia, as well as the tariff policy regarding goods imported to Siberia via the Northern Sea Route. The authors examine the role of the Chelyabinsk tariff turning point in the development of Siberian agriculture, as well as the Perm-Kotlas railway in grain exports from Siberia. The authors note that researchers of the early 20th century attached great importance to the development of shipping along the Northern Sea Route as an alternative to the Trans-Siberian Railway. To a certain extent, such sentiments in society were due to the events of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. It was assumed that the development of water communication would relieve the Trans-Siberian Railway and minimize the costs of Siberian producers for the delivery of goods to European ports. It is worth noting that with the subsequent development of rail communication, the tariff policy was softened, which met the interests of the Siberian peasantry.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748769293.pdf
Number of views: 8      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the system of organizing freight transportation along the Volga-Caspian transport corridor in the second half of the 19th – at the early 20th centuries using the example of the largest oil industry association of this period – the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership. Based on a source materials, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the authors is shown three-part structure of the Volga-Caspian transport corridor (sea transportation, roadstead transshipment, distribution of oil freight along the river system of the European part of Russia). From the position of the actor approach, the authors come to the conclusion that the development of the oil industry became one of the driving forces of modernization processes in Russia in the post-reform period. This led to the transformation of the existing transport structure (the emergence of tankers, the conversion of the steam fleet to oil fuel, the mass replacement of wooden ships with metal ones, the emergence of the first pipelines) and transport infrastructure (mass construction of warehouses and storage facilities for oil products at the piers, the complication of the port organizational and management structure, the creation of fire brigades, equipping piers with electric lighting and technical means for pumping freight).

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748770297.pdf
Number of views: 6      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The authors of the article focus on the image and activities of the State Duma of Russia in the early twentieth century in the assessment of foreign historical literature and its authors. The article analyzes the works of scientists from Great Britain, the USA, and Israel who consider the events of the political history of Russia in the early XXth century in the light of the relationship between society and power. Their significant part was the history of Russian parliamentarism at the initial stage of its formation and development. The authors examine the view of foreign authors on it, conducting a structural and historiographic analysis of their works. It has been established that in the issue of studying the history of political parties of Russia represented in the State Duma of Tsarist Russia, foreign authors more often turn to the analysis of their program positions. At the same time, interest in their direct activities in the Duma is also highlighted. Most of the authors note that it was the Duma of the third convocation that became a factor in evolutionary and moderate progress in the development of constitutional ideas in Russia at that time. The significance of the study is enhanced by the small degree of scientific work on the topic raised from the standpoint of historical practices. The novelty of the study is reflected in the factorial nature of the substantive analysis of the figure of the State Duma of the period under study in the assessment of foreign historical literature. The article draws conclusions about the substantive side of the practices of analyzing foreign historiography on this issue.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748770355.pdf
Number of views: 4      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The period from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, which became an important milestone in the establishment of Russian statehood in the Transcaspian region, is considered. Among the most progressive trends of this period, the desire of the regional administration for the latest achievements in the field of agricultural activities, the introduction of effective methods of personal farming, the dissemination of agricultural knowledge and skills through the opening of the Ashgabat School of Horticulture, horticulture and sericulture was revealed. Among the methodological techniques and methods of teaching at school, in order to develop independence, initiative and responsibility, each pupil was assigned a separate plot of land where, in their free time, they could cultivate a garden, vegetable garden or flower garden. During the spring and autumn periods, undergraduates were released to work in private gardens and vegetable gardens, where they were given the opportunity to work for moderate remuneration and at the same time test the strength of their knowledge acquired at school. The study showed that the gradual gaining of sympathy and trust by the school from the local and foreign population of the region was due not only to the free or preferential release of seeds and other planting materials, as well as the gradual growth of authority and faith in the usefulness of agricultural knowledge, but also the competence of the teaching staff, interested in the results of their teaching activities, high reputation and professionalism graduates of the school who worked effectively in the agricultural field, applied the best methods of cultivating fields, laying gardens, laying out vegetable gardens and caring for them. The author concludes that the school has become the most important tool for agronomic assistance to the population, the subject of knowledge transfer on the rational use of natural resources, a more efficient organization of the work of dayhanstav, and profit from agricultural activities. As a result of the creative support of the socio-economic and educational policy of Russia from Lieutenant General A.N. Kuropatkin and other heads of the Transcaspian region, by the end of the 19th century, agriculture became the leading industry in the Merv, Tejen, and Askhabad counties. The city of Ashgabat, the center of the Transcaspian region, has transformed from an uncomfortable village devoid of trees into a green and shady city on the edge of the Karakum desert, thanks to the improvement of gardens and parks.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748775057.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Accounting documentation occupies a prominent place in the archival funds of organizations. In the work, based on the accounting documentation of the Votkinsk Plant for the decade 1881–1890, the prospects of monthly information on the production of work are shown, especially in the absence of special files on the construction of individual shipbuilding facilities of this period in the funds. It is shown that they can become a valuable source, so far underestimated by historians. It is shown that monthly information (accurate to the month) allows us to reconstruct construction dates for the ships under construction. As a result, it is possible to reconstruct the sequence of execution of issued orders with sufficient accuracy and thereby restore their numbers. A significant limitation of the proposed approach is that it is suitable only for third-party orders, and, on the other hand, it is very sensitive to existing gaps in the archival documentation.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748770492.pdf
Number of views: 8      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the history and social role of the Penza Kiselyov poorhouse in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The organizational aspects of the almshouse's operation are considered: structure, staff, sources of financing. Special attention is paid to the organization of assistance and daily practices of those who have found shelter in the poorhouse. Penza Kiselevskaya poorhouse was founded in the middle of the nineteenth century and it was an important element of the social support system in the Russian province. Being an example of spiritual and moral service to people, Maria Mikhailovna tried to help more people in need, expanding the possibilities of the poorhouse. Initially, according to the Regulations, it could contain 70 people, after the opening of the second branch of the poorhouse – 140. But the number of people receiving assistance went beyond these figures. Hundreds of people in need have received help in the poorhouse branches created by Kiselyova during their existence.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748770731.pdf
Number of views: 8      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the scientific activities of Alikhan Bukeikhan as a member of the West Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. The article examines the contribution of Alikhan Bukeikhan to the collection and systematization of data on the Kazakh people, which formed the theoretical basis for fundamental studies of the Kazakh cultural and social identity, identified during participation in scientific expeditions aimed at studying Kazakhstan, its economy, ethnography and geography. The article examines the scientific approach of Alikhan Bukeikhan to issues of territorial distribution, agriculture and ethnography of the Kazakh people, shows a fundamental position on the issue of preventing uncontrolled colonization of the Steppe region through the construction of railways. The authors note that as part of his activities in the geographical society, Alikhan Bukeikhan left a rich scientific heritage, which was represented by many scientific articles, points and notes on the history, ethnography, agriculture, animal husbandry of Kazakhstan and other branches of knowledge. Bukeikhan not only actively participated in expeditions, but also contributed to the integration of the Kazakh people into the scientific community, drawing attention to issues of their social and economic status. Despite the difficult political conditions of that time, Alikhan Bukeikhan continued to fight for the rights of his people, using scientific methods to substantiate his position. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that with his scientific research, Alikhan Bukeikhan made an important contribution to understanding the specifics of the Kazakh people's economy, the historical, cultural and geographical study of the Kazakh steppe.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748950802.pdf
Number of views: 12      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The crossroads period of XIX – early XX centuries became one of the turning points in the history of the Kazakh people, when a whole pleiad of intellectuals, who devoted their activities to the development of their own people, were nominated from their environment. A category of Kazakh employees was formed, who occupying certain positions in the system of administration, showed themselves as conscientious workers, which is reflected in their characteristics. Being on administrative work, these employees start realization of their own projects on development of education, economy and in other social spheres. This initiative was included in the orbit of their public activities, which required certain intellectual, financial, organizational and other expenses. For example, the famous educator I. Altynsarin devoted himself to the organization of the education system for the Kazakh population, receiving support from various social strata of society. Such ascetic activity was based on the realization of the evolutionary path of development, with the main financial resources coming from the patronage initiative of the local population, which actively participated in such actions. Subsequently, many graduates of the schools organized by Altynsarin established themselves in the pedagogical field, becoming well-known in the professional and public spheres. Some of his students become a number of patrons of the arts, supporting or creating social projects on a permanent basis. One of the interesting personalities of the period under study was M. Karabayev, a professional doctor who volunteered to go to Yakutia to fight an epidemic, for which he received public recognition among the local population. Thus, Kazakh employees were an example not only in professional, but also in social activities.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748771140.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This article explores the process of modernization and acculturation in the Pamir region during the late Russian Empire, focusing on key aspects of socio-economic development, including governance, transport infrastructure, education, and healthcare. It traces the continuity of political decisions and practices established during the imperial period and their transformation under the new socio-economic conditions of Soviet rule. The Russian Empire began developing the Pamir territories following the “Pamir campaigns” of 1891– 1894, driven by rivalry with the British Empire. One of the key areas of modernization was the development of transport infrastructure. Between 1893 and 1917, Russian authorities-built roads connecting the Pamirs with Turkestan, most notably the Alay Road (constructed in 1893) and the Pamir Highway (built between 1897 and 1899). These roads provided access to external markets, promoted economic integration, and facilitated trade. Road construction continued into the Soviet period, culminating in the completion of the Great Pamir Tract in 1940, which fully connected the region to the Soviet Union. In addition to transportation infrastructure, Russian authorities prioritized the development of education. In 1909, the first Russian-native school was established at the Khorog outpost. Graduates of this school, some of whom later became key figures in Soviet governance in the Pamirs, played a significant role in strengthening Soviet influence and expanding access to education in the region. Modernization also extended to the healthcare sector. Russian military doctors provided medical assistance to the local population, fought epidemics, and introduced sanitary measures. However, limited resources and personnel hindered the full development of healthcare infrastructure. During the Soviet period, medical services became more structured, with the establishment of hospitals, clinics, and vaccination programs. The authors of this article rely on archival materials from the National Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Russian State Military History Archive. Using comparative-historical, diachronic, systematic, and content analysis methods, they identify the main patterns of modernization and assess their impact on the socio-economic development of the Pamirs.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748771232.pdf
Number of views: 15      Download in PDF

Abstract:
Akhmet Baitursynov is an outstanding representative of the Kazakh intellectual of the early 20th century, an educator, a philologist, and a prominent public and a statesman. Baitursynov's teaching career began as an ordinary teacher in a village school in 1895. For 14 years, from 1895 to 1909, he worked in the pedagogical field in the education system of the Turgay regions. In 1897–1898, Baitursynov taught at the Auliekol volost school of the Amankaragay volost of the Turgay district. Two years later, in 1900, he was assigned the functions of a teacher at the Urunbaev school. A. Baitursynov taught the Kazakh language at this educational institution. During the entire period of his teaching activity, he was engaged in self-education and literary creativity. In Kustanai Baitursynov had public recognition and actively interacted with with A. Alektorov, who was an inspector of public schools in the Turgai region. A. Baitursynov's teaching activities in various educational institutions contributed to his personal development and growth as an innovative teacher, a public leader and a progressive person. This period should rightfully be assessed as an important page in the biography of one of the brightest representatives of the Kazakh public of the study period.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748771288.pdf
Number of views: 9      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article reveals the reasons for Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese war, the circumstances of the surrender of the fortress of Port Arthur and the degree of guilt of the commander of Port Arthur, General A.M. Stessel; analyzes the features of the strategy of the Commander-in-Chief in Manchuria, Adjutant General A.N. Kurapatkin; highlights the capabilities of the Russian Fleet, realized and unrealized plans of the command and Admiralty; some novelties in the armament of the Japanese army, which came as a surprise to Russian military commanders; real and far-fetched shortcomings in the training of Russian soldiers and sailors. The paper provides statistical data, compares the actions of enemy artillery, and reveals the attitude of Japanese and Russian societies towards the war. Much attention is paid to discussions around hitherto unclear topics, as well as accidental coincidences that influenced the course of the discussions. The assumptions and hypotheses explaining the failures of the Russian armies and navy and the fighting spirit of the conflicting parties are analyzed; numerous documents, testimonies and newspaper materials are presented, on the basis of which a vision of the tragic events that took place 120 years ago is presented. Based on them, conclusions are drawn about the degree of guilt of the commanders of the Port Arthur fortress, the possibility of continuing the defense, and the positions of the Russian fleet, which lost the strategic initiative to the Japanese at the beginning of the war. In general, the war with Japan demonstrated the danger of arrogance and a sense of superiority inspired by the previous victories of the Russian Empire, and the search for individual culprits or accidental circumstances that led to defeat revealed the unproductiveness and harmfulness of the consequences, due to the removal of responsibility from the entire military-bureaucratic system. The causes and consequences of such devastating defeats should also be clear to modern strategists. Their incorrect interpretation can lead the public into confusion, arouse unwillingness to continue military actions, and give rise to a demand for immediate peace.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748771337.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
The article analyzes the publications of the central Russian newspapers in 1912 on the German-English naval relations which was a controversial area for both sides. For the official office in St. Petersburg it was very important to know the public mood expressed by the main newspapers of the most diverse political orientation (from liberal ones to conservative ones) in order to take balanced foreign policy decisions. In addition, by “leaking” the necessary materials to these media, it was possible to influence the feelings and thoughts of a large number of people not only in large cities of Russia, but also, significantly, in the provinces. And the latter prevailed in the list of “centers of civilization” of the Russian state at that period. It is also obvious that local publishers often reprinted articles from well-known newspapers since everything that was written in the central media was treated with piety and great attention. Such newspapers as Novoye Vremya, Russkoye Slovo, Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti, Moskovskie Vedomosti and Petersburgskaya Gazeta were rightfully considered to be the central ones. They closely followed all the actions of the German and British authorities on the issue of naval rivalry between them. After all, it was one of the most acute issues in 1912 not only between Berlin and London, but also in international relations in general. Moreover, the path that the world would take in the future depended on its decision. The “first rate” newspapers gave their well-founded forecast of these prospects based on a thorough analysis.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748771383.pdf
Number of views: 7      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This historiographical study is devoted to the analysis of historical research on the defense of the Osovets fortress during the First World War, and is dedicated to the 110th anniversary of this event. Scientific research on this topic served as the material, and the historiographical method, the classification method, and the synthesis method were used as methods. Due to the limited scope of this work, the authors analyzed only the works of Soviet and modern Russian historiography, since the study of foreign scientific literature on the defense of Osovets requires a separate study. It seems advisable to divide historiography by period (Soviet and modern), as well as by subject of research: research analyzing the defense of the fortress as a whole; works on individual pages of defense, in particular, “attack of the dead” as its most famous and famous event; and interdisciplinary research at the junction of military, military-historical, medical and cultural scientific disciplines. Most of the work consists of works analyzing the defense as a whole: the chronology of events, the features of the fortification, command, personnel, etc. are described in detail. The second category, namely, “attack of the dead”, has also been studied in great detail: the authors establish the events preceding this heroic counterattack, the personalities of its participants, the chronology of the event, etc. Finally, interdisciplinary research analyzes the psychological state of troops and their support in unpredictable situations, the features of fortifications that made it possible to effectively repel attacks, the work of chemists and the military chemical industry during the First World War, etc.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748771426.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

Abstract:
This paper examines the specifics of the work of the Imperial Moscow Archaeological Society during the First World War in one aspect, which was the protection of ancient monuments. Monuments of ancient eras perish during military conflicts throughout the twentieth century, so the problem of their preservation seems urgent. This problem is considered in the article on the basis of archival materials that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which is seen as the novelty of this work. The analysis of historiography shows the political orientation of the works of Soviet historians, who believed that in the Russian Empire archeology was beyond the attention of the state and archaeologists themselves were a small closed caste of scientists. The research conducted in this article allows us to shake this conclusion. Russian archaeologists actively empathized with the Allies who were attacked by Germany. The words of their appeals to heads of state and colleagues from scientific societies sound like sincere pain. Active preparations were made for the Sixteenth Archaeological Congress, which was canceled due to the beginning of mobilization. The Moscow Archaeological Society has launched an active effort to ensure the preservation of Russian cultural monuments in provinces that were under threat of occupation. Despite the war years, it conducted archaeological excavations and exploration, often at its own expense. Count F.A. Uvarov addressed the State Council with a proposal to legislate the protection of antiquities in Russia. The experience of interaction between the state and the public on the preservation of archaeological monuments during the years of military conflicts may be in demand today.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748846431.pdf
Number of views: 10      Download in PDF

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748951051.pdf
Number of views: 20      Download in PDF

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1748772281.pdf
Number of views: 8      Download in PDF