2 June 01, 2024

Abstract:
The study of customary legal ethno-justice among the Perm peoples in the 16th-18th centuries allows us to identify the patterns of functioning of ethnic justice based on the norms of customary law, to reveal the influence of many factors relating to the peculiarities of the impact of the norms of positive law on the norms of the customary law of the Perm peoples. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, Russian state structures normatively established the basic principles and conditions for the further functioning and gradual development of ethno-justice based on customary law among the Perm peoples. Since the 18th century, the process of accumulation and systematization of legal information has been associated with the improvement of administrative management of Russian outskirts inhabited by various peoples. Throughout the 18th century, the Russian state not only did not prohibit the various peoples who inhabited the expanses of the empire from administering justice according to their traditional norms, which were developed in the process of centuries-old application, but also sanctioned this process. It is important to note that by the 18th century, the necessary conditions were created for the existence of communal ethno-justice among the Perm peoples. However, during the 18th century, the Russian legislator sought not only to systematize, but also to unify the features of legal proceedings, normatively regulating adversarial proceedings, as well as the stages of the judicial process, fixing the methods of initiating cases, their pre-trial preparation, the procedure and features of sentencing. In addition, the system of all judicial state bodies was subject to regulatory regulation, with the separation of judicial authorities, and differentiation was also made between civil and criminal processes.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717234619.pdf
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Abstract:
This article examines the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the life activity of the Tungus in the 17th-19th centuries. The unstable nature of biological resources, due to the specific climate, affected both the indigenous ethnic groups of the taiga and Russian settlers. The article compares information about famine, crop failures in the region and the ice regime of the Angara River. A coincidence was revealed between intra-century decreases in air temperature and most economic crises. The results indicate repeated periods of lower average annual temperatures, which were accompanied by extreme natural events. The interaction of the Tungus with peasants, merchants and authorities took place against this changing natural and climatic background. Climatic fluctuations directly and indirectly led to the formation of various ways of adaptation of the Tungus: from strengthening exchange ties and transition to hybrid semi-sedentary forms of economy, to migration to more productive areas remote from Russian villages. Natural factors, combined with social and economic prerequisites, have led to the emergence of a complex set of adaptation processes. Networks of mutual aid, trade, and cultural exchange were formed in response to climate and social risks, strengthening the position of the Tungus. Data from folklore, chronicles, statistics and archival documents confirm the influence of intra-century climate variability on the Tungus. Years of famine, crop failures, epidemics and associated changes in the economy affected all groups of the population. The consequences of this impact were culturally and environmentally specific. The diversity and dynamics of neighboring cultures and geographical conditions contributed to the uniqueness of the Tungus economy, the different rates of their acculturation and the formation of an interconnected ethnocultural landscape.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717234659.pdf
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Abstract:
The issue of Caucasian slavery in the last 10-15 years has been dynamically developing and being replenished with new relevant research. Researchers from different countries, both the Caucasus region, and Russian scientists, as well as specialists from far abroad, show great interest in the history of slavery in the Caucasus region and more broadly in the countries of the Black Sea basin to clarify the origins of the phenomenon, its history, sources, regional specifics, development dynamics, historical forms, modern remnants of the phenomenon, etc. Recent developments include an extensive article by A.Yu. Peretyatko (2023), in which the author addressed the problems of studying Caucasian slavery in modern historiography. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the work of the indicated author, due to the fact that, along with correct and valuable judgments, there are also a number of omissions in the work. They are associated with insufficient consideration of a number of modern studies on Caucasian slavery and some source data. Our analysis is necessary to determine the most relevant directions in the study of the problem of Caucasian slavery, their correct and objective consideration with the maximum involvement of various research points of view.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717234921.pdf
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Abstract:
The inventor of the steam-atmospheric engine, Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov (1729–1766), is considered in modern Russian literature as an “iconic figure”, as a person who selflessly contributed to the development of Russia. However, the process of preserving the historical memory of this figure has varied greatly between periods. The novelty of the study lies in the generalization of the results of the works of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern Russian historians, in identifying the features of the process of memorialization named after I.I. Polzunov in different periods. The study showed that the process of preserving the historical memory of Ivan Polzunov, which began in the pre-revolutionary period on the initiative of writers and local historians, took place mainly at the regional level and was distinguished by a few attempts at wider promotion. During the Soviet period, the popularization of the name of the inventor, which began in the 1940s, became widespread thanks to the “ideological order” and the ongoing state policy to consolidate in the public consciousness the images of “people from the bottom” and “pioneer inventors.” At the present stage, the result of another “historiographical turn” based on versatile approaches has been the consolidation of the name of Ivan Polzunov as a “signature figure” in the history of the Altai region and Russia.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717495797.pdf
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Abstract:
The publication researches the role of interpreter of the Foreign Affairs Collegium of the Russian Empire Alexei Ivanovich (Kutlu-Muhammed) Tevkelev, a future major official of the Orenburg province and military figure, in formation and development of Russian-Kazakh diplomatic relations throughout the beginning of the 18th century. Having a set of professional skills of an experienced diplomat, which include including proficiency in several languages, including Kazakh, as well as detailed knowledge of the peculiarities of steppe life and customs, Alexei Ivanovich figured prominently in establishment of regular relations of the Russian state with Kazakh khanates. Throughout his career, A.I. Tevkelev undertook numerous diplomatic missions into the Kazakh steppe. One of the most notable episodes was Tevkelev's mission, during which Khan Abulkhair of the Younger Zhuz, along with part of his followers, pledged allegiance and formally entered into the citizenship of Russian state. Based on the written sources the state of affairs at the khan's court, which was clearly difficult and dangerous for the Russian diplomat, and required from him the demonstration extraordinary diplomatic abilities. The particular emphasis is placed on study of A.I. Tevkelev's relations with Kazakh leaders – khans, sultans and batyrs and shows the significance of gifts presented to them.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717408586.pdf
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Abstract:
This study examines in depth the role of the Dzungarian Khanate in the context of the formation of the political situation in Central Asia, taking into account the impact of Abylai Khan and the relationship with the Qing Empire. The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of the Dzungarian Khanate as a leading player in the region and its impact on the formation of statehood and international relations. The purpose of the study is to thoroughly analyze the influence of the Dzungarian Khanate on the political and diplomatic atmosphere in the region, especially in the context of its relations with the Qing Empire and the role of Abylai Khan in this process. This study is based on the analysis of archival materials, historical documents and relevant scientific literature covering the period of the existence of the Dzungarian Khanate and its relations with the Qing Empire. At the same time, various methods of analyzing and interpreting information are used to obtain objective results. As a result of the study, the positions of various parties on issues related to the interaction of the Dzungarian Khanate and the Qing Empire will be analyzed. This will allow us to identify the key factors influencing the course and outcome of conflicts, as well as their consequences for both sides. The research highlights the importance of studying the fate of the Dzungarian Khanate under the rule of the Qing Empire and the role of Abylai Khan in this context. This aspect of historical science is of key importance for in-depth analysis of the formation of the political, cultural and geopolitical situation in Central Asia. In addition, such an analysis is of great practical importance for the development of modern political and diplomatic strategies, given its historical heritage and influence on modern geopolitical processes.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235507.pdf
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Abstract:
This article is devoted to the history of development of agriculture and supply of flour and bread to the Kazakh steppe in the XVIII century by the Russian authorities, with emphasis on the importance of Sultan Abylai's activity in this matter. The study revealed that at that time the needs for bread in the steppe territories were increasing, but the volume of flour supplied by the Russian authorities was insufficient. The Sultan of the Middle zhuz Abylai, pursued a policy of spreading farming among his subjects Kazakhs, realizing the importance of this type of economy in the conditions of gradual territorial restriction. The long–term practice of allocation of flour and bread was a purposeful policy of the Russian central and regional authorities, aimed, on the one hand, at strengthening friendly relations, development of economic relations and trade, as evidenced by the fact of transition from free allocation of bread to its sale. On the other hand, strategically, these measures were designed to stimulate the gradual transition of Kazakh nomads to a sedentary way of life for further integration into the space of Russian statehood. In addition, the strategy of agricultural development in the northern Kazakh regions could have been not only to give impetus to long–term economic growth, but also to reduce dependence on Russian grain markets, the obvious presence of which is indicated by numerous requests of Sultan Abylai to send or sell flour, grain and bread. The authors turn to documents from the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire to objectively reconstruct the relations between Abylai Khan and the Russian Empire, as well as to study the requests for flour and bread supplies to the Middle Zhuz. Historical, chronological, analytical and other methods were used to analyze and interpret the sources, including collection documents and archival materials.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235559.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is devoted to a little-known page in the history of education of the XVIII century – projects for the creation of higher educational institutions on Ukrainian lands, which at that time were part of the Russian Empire. Contemporaries noted high public demands regarding education by representatives of various segments of the local population – nobility, philistinism, clergy. The main attention was paid directly to the university project in the city of Baturin in 1760. Its initiator was the last Hetman of Ukraine and Count Kirill Razumovsky, and the direct author of the document was Grigory Teplov. According to this document, it was planned to create a European-style university. In particular, German universities were chosen as a model for succession. Hetman K. Razumovsky also tried to adopt the experience of Moscow University, which existed since 1755. Financing of Baturin University was planned from several sources, the main of which were donations from the local maecenas, fees from mill owners and share of the income from customs duties. But this project like a number of ideas initiated by regional elites was never realized, mainly due to the peculiarities of the national policy of the Russian government.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235609.pdf
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Abstract:
The Age of Enlightenment in Russia led to the formation an enlightened nobleman as a representative of a special cultural and historical type. The purpose of the article is to comprehensively characterize the type of personality, to identify the peculiarities of such a person's perception of the culture of Enlightened, her attitude to the idea of freedom, which permeates the Enlightened, her own and peasant, to serfdom and to her serfs, to the ways of running her household. The article is bases on the analysis of narrative and documentary sources. The formation of this type was the result of the Russian nobility in the XVIII century and the influence of the European Enlightenment. The identification of this type is based primarily on its self-identification. The consciousness of this part of the nobility was characterized by an idea of its importance and criticism of the shortcomings of the surrounding life. They perceived the liberating principles on the Enlightenment in a limited from not opposing autocracy separating if from despotism. They did not doubt the need for serfdom they built a rational economy on forced labor. The type of the enlightened Russian nobleman of Catherine's time represents a complex and contradictory unity of the new culture of Enlightenment and traditional noble culture.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235658.pdf
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Abstract:
The article deals with the formation, settlement and activity of the Siberian Cossack army in the territory of modern North-Eastern Kazakhstan in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The difficulties that the Siberian Cossacks faced in the region in ensuring their livelihoods in new natural conditions are shown. The real need for their peaceful and mutually beneficial interaction with the local Kazakh population is presented. Siberian Cossacks, actively borrowing the economic experience of nomads, in some cases introduced new models of economic activity, which were also in demand by Kazakhs. As a result of the economic interaction between Cossacks and Kazakhs, trade and the productive forces of the region are developing. The Siberian Cossacks were an instrument of Russian colonization, the guides of the policy of the Russian Empire. At the same time, they entered into peaceful relations with the local population. Such connections were often mutually beneficial. In general, it is necessary to note the important role of the Cossacks in the formation of agricultural culture, trade, industry, crafts and communication routes in the North-Eastern region of modern Kazakhstan. Despite the fact that the military settlers were burdened with government duties, they contributed to the development of the productive forces of the region, the introduction of new forms of management.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235708.pdf
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Abstract:
Abstract The biographical sketch was written in honor of the 250th anniversary of the birth of Sergei Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1774–1859). The research material was biographical works on the personality of S.M. Golitsin, in particular, historian S.M. Solovyov, Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, etc. The methodological complex of this manuscript consists of such methods as biographical (or content analysis) and the synthesis method. A representative of a noble family, a valid privy councilor of the 1st class, Prince S.M. Golitsyn became famous, first of all, as a philanthropist and philanthropist, which was an unusual phenomenon for the first half of the XIX century. Having received all possible state awards, having changed many positions and reached the highest rank in the civil service in the Table of Ranks, Golitsyn did not show any miracles of bravery, phenomenal efficiency in management, or outstanding results in his career. Most of his contemporaries spoke of him as mediocre. However, his lack of hypocrisy, honesty, practical mind, justice and spiritual kindness earned him respect not only in his native Moscow, where Golitsyn mainly lived and worked, but also throughout Russia. Historians put his name in the forefront when they talk about benefactors and patrons. Success in business could be the result of an unsuccessful personal life: a happy marriage did not work out, and Golitsyn, the owner of a large fortune, left no heirs.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235819.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the problem of the late 18th – early 19th centuries Don Cossacks identity. Author shows that in the 19th century the Don Cossackdom was going through a major transformation (in particular, local garb was supplanted by the one closer to a Great Russian, and educated locals have familiarized themselves with Russian historiography). At the same time, professional ethnographers began to study the Don Cossacks only in the 1880s, meaning they were studying already transformed Cossackdom. In this context contemporaries’ evidences about the Don Cossacks of the late 18th – early 19th centuries are of utmost importance. They are few (the article examines the wide-known works of A.I. Rigel’man about the Don Cossacks and the less-known of M.I. Antonovsky and A.L. de Romano), but A.I. Rigel’man, having served many years among the Cossacks, recorded the self-identification of some part of Cossacks, which allows us to compare the self-identification of Don Cossacks with their identification by outsider authors. Such a comparison enables us to reveal a curious plot previously unestablished in scientific historiography. There was fundamental contradiction between the recorded cases of self-identification of Cossacks of the period and the identification by outsider authors. At the same time, A.I. Rigel’man knew who the Cossacks considered themselves to be, and also knew a number of their historical myths, yet attributed them to the category of “fables” and opposed them his own conclusions, drawn primarily from historical works. As a result, the information we have about the self-identification of the late 18th – early 19th centuries Cossacks works towards separation of Cossacks from other East Slavs (for example, it might consider Caucasus as the possible ancestral home of Cossacks, rather than the territories of Russia/Great Russia and Ukraine/Little Russia; Cossacks’ service to Russia is described as a conscious choice; “Don” is interpreted as a special locus gifted to the Cossacks by Ivan the Terrible, etc.). On the opposite, the authors of the late 18th century, who represented Russian specifics, in their works about the Cossacks (A.I. Rigel’man, M.I. Antonovsky) univocally included them with other Slavs (Ukraine/Little Russia is deemed the Cossacks’ ancestral home; The Cossacks are positioned as initially serving Russia or at least from the earliest stage of their history; the narrative about “Don” being the Cossacks’ special land is omitted, etc.). This tendency was brought to logical conclusion by M.I. Antonovksy, who interpreted the Don Cossacks as just “rossians” with some particular local specifics.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717320988.pdf
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Abstract:
In this article on the basis of archival sources the governors’ reports of the Yenisei province in the XIX – early XX centuries are considered. Through the cognitive theory of humanitarian knowledge the significant information potential of this historical source is revealed. In view of the openly debated issue in the historical scientific society about the potential of governor’s reports as a historical source, it is important to actualize the issue of studying governor’s reports as a specific representative document of regional character from the perspective of its comprehensive analysis depending on the research topic. The specificity of the representation the image of the region, in this case – Yenisei province, is the subject of special study. Due to the multidimensional nature of the governor’s reports, the authors conclude that it is necessary to verify the obtained knowledge on multilevel: not only by comparing statistics with metadata in the records of other departments, but also by checking with documents that have narrative potential: doctors’ opinions about the situation in the entrusted territory and other key figures in the history of the province. Thus, the researchers raise the question of expanding the range of historical sources to be compared with the report. The article reveals typical “notes” left by civil servants inside the text. They were, as a rule, notes in pencil, which were important because of the specific purpose of the person who read or checked the report. The importance of such verification lies in the fact that gubernatorial reports are documents of collective labor, a channel of communication between the region and the central government. The informational potential of governor’s reports is much broader than a formulaic list and textual content. The integral image of the Yenisei province is formed by analyzing the hidden information inside the reports. This allowed researchers to identify the unique terminology for this locus, which has regional specifics.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235923.pdf
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Abstract:
The article considers an overview of modern historiography devoted to the Kharkiv Educational District (1803–1917). 43 English-language and Russian-language publications made in the period from 2006 to 2024 are analyzed. The research methodology is based on the historical and genetic method, which allowed the authors to consider the evolution of the study of the public education system on the territory of the Kharkiv Educational District. The great importance is also given to the historical and systemic method, thanks to which the authors considered the studied problem comprehensively, taking into account the established traditions in historiography. At the same time, the authors applied a comparative historical method that allowed them to pay attention to the specifics of conducting scientific research on the Kharkiv Educational District. The presented review of modern historiography shows that the system of public education in the territory of the Kharkiv Educational District is now actively engaged in the Cherkas Global University, which is implementing an ambitious project “The system of public education in the Russian Empire: a historical and statistical study”. As part of this project, the organization's staff comprehensively reviewed the public education systems of all six territories of the Kharkiv Educational District. Besides this, representatives of regional historical scientific schools are currently engaged in various aspects of public education, which, as a rule, touch on private issues and rarely return to the public education system in their publications.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717235981.pdf
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Abstract:
The article considers the pedagogical periodical press on the territory of the Moscow Educational District in the period of 1804–1917. The source base of our research is represented by various reference books, as well as directly by pre-revolutionary pedagogical journals. Methodologically, the work is based on the method of content analysis, which is conditioned by the search among the array of periodicals of the Russian Empire for pedagogical journals that were published only on the territory of the Moscow Educational District. A systematic method was also used in the work, thanks to which we examined periodical printing in its system (journal, time of publication, frequency/number of issues issued, information about the publisher and editor, notes). In turn, the retrospective method made it possible to consider the evolution of the periodical press on the territory of the Moscow Educational District in its historical sequence. The authors conclude that 44 pedagogical periodicals were published on the territory of the Moscow Educational District in the period from 1804 to 1917 (41 in Moscow, 2 in Yaroslavl and 1 in Nizhny Novgorod). The oldest of these publications was the Moscow journal “Patriot”. Among the journals with a long period of publication were both state-owned (“Tsirkulyar po Moskovskomu uchebnomu okrugu”) and private (“Estestvoznanie i geografiya”) journals. A significant part of the journals with a long period of publication appeared at the end of the XIX century and existed until the revolution of 1917. Among the Moscow journals there were highly specialized publications that began to appear in Russia at the beginning of the XX century. Among such publications are the journals “Ekskursionnyi vestnik”, “Matematicheskii vestnik”, “Novosti detskoi literatury”, “Estestvoznanie i naglyadnoe obuchenie” and others. All this in general clearly demonstrates that an active pedagogical life existed and developed on the territory of the Moscow Educational District in the pre-revolutionary period.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236032.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines the main characteristics of the everyday life of military invalids and members of invalid companies in the Tomsk Province in the 19th century. Based on a comprehensive methodology that includes the principles of historical-anthropological approach, history of everyday life, and microhistory, the authors analyzed the features of material support for military invalids, living environment, household arrangement, consumption specifics, development of personal and social connections and communication among members of invalid companies, as well as their types of employment. The research was based on previously unpublished archival materials from the State Archive of the Tomsk Region. According to the authors, throughout the entire period of existence of invalid companies in the 19th century, the state and society accumulated significant experience in solving the social problems faced by military invalids. The issues of providing for the members of invalid companies were successfully resolved: assistance in food supply, housing solutions, providing suitable employment, monetary support including pensions, providing a place in a religious institution, and so on. At the same time, all these measures were half-hearted, often incomplete, and not entrenched as rights and guarantees for military invalids. The state initiated numerous forms of social support for incapacitated military personnel, but it lacked real mechanisms for public oversight of their implementation.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236178.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Aleksei Sergeevich Uvarov (1824–1884), a Russian archaeologist, philanthropist, collector, creator and first head of the Moscow Historical Museum and founder of the Moscow Archaeological Society. The material of our manuscript was the works of A.S. Uvarov himself, as well as biographical studies about him. Such methods of historical research as content analysis, biographical method, method of classification and synthesis are applied. Uvarov financed and organized field archaeological trips and excavations in the northern and eastern Black Sea region, in the Crimea, on the territory of Yaroslavl province. According to the burials, he described the life of Meryan, studied ancient Russian numismatics, the history of battles, and tactics. Most of Uvarov's works were published in St. Petersburg. He founded the Moscow Archaeological Society, the First Society of Railways, and the Moscow Historical Museum. He was engaged in philanthropy, founded and financed the foundation named after his father, giving out prizes for research achievements. He was successfully engaged in collecting, having founded a rich museum on his estate.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717616608.pdf
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Abstract:
The outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin (1825–1908) owes his achievements to self-education, which he received thanks to books. The future historian loved books since childhood, and with the last money he manages to collect a small library of books. The article introduces a new historical source into scientific circulation – the handwritten catalogues of his book collection compiled by I.E. Zabelin, which are stored in the archive of the scientist. The authors consider the role of the book in the scientific search for a scientist. As a humble employee of the Armory, I.E. Zabelin could not use the commercial libraries of Moscow, there were no large public book collections in Moscow. I.E. Zabelin bought used books and magazines in the markets, and when funds allowed, from the leading booksellers of the capital and would carefully record the funds spent. The examination of the catalogues of I.E. Zabelin's book collection shows not only its use for scientific purposes, but also reveals his interest in social and philosophical problems, spiritual search. The study allows us to dispel the historiographical myths that have developed in science, in particular, that I.E. Zabelin did not understand the importance of learning foreign languages and was a mediocre archaeologist. The catalog of the scientist's library contains hundreds of volumes on archaeology and hundreds of titles in foreign languages. I.E. Zabelin used an advanced information search system for that time, developing his principles of organizing a card catalog along with traditional book catalogs, while he conducted a thematic grouping of information. As the owner of a valuable collection of books and manuscripts, D.I. Zabelin shared them with colleagues, kept a detailed record of the literature issued. Studying the catalogues of I.E. Zabelin's book collection expands the understanding of him as a scientist and a person.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717242796.pdf
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Abstract:
This paper examines the social aspect of the phenomenon of the “gold rush” that unfolded in the vast expanses of Yenisei Siberia in the 1830–1890s. The authors consider the unique features of the “gold rush” process in the Yenisei taiga, analyze the socio-professional groups engaged in labor activities in the gold fields. Based on extensive factual material, the working and living conditions of workers – the main participants in gold mining at all stages of the “gold rush” unfolding in the region from unprecedented rise to extinction – have been studied. A separate description of the state of medical care for workers in the mines is given. The analysis of pre-revolutionary materials revealed the presence of a systemic logistical problem in the region and its negative impact on both the quality of life of gold workers and the system of interactions between all participants in the gold mining process in Yenisei Siberia. The authors attempted to create a conditional social portrait of a gold merchant as a broad, strong, risky person, very prominent in the public life of the region. The scientific article draws conclusions about the impact that the phenomenon of the “gold rush” had on the previously quiet course of life in the taiga hinterland on the outskirts of a huge empire. In general, it is difficult to overestimate the social significance of this phenomenon, which has stirred up the wild taiga region.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717495899.pdf
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Abstract:
The article considers the organizational features of academic and extracurricular work of students of imperial Russian universities on the example of the Imperial Kharkov University and the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kiev. We note that the peculiarities of academic work were differentiated not only at the level of faculties, but also at the level of courses and heads of study. The greatest academic load fell on the students of the Faculty of History and Philology. This fact led to the fact that students of this faculty often moved to other faculties, or even left the university. We also noted that the organization of the educational process in higher educational institutions was under both internal university control and external control - from the trustee of the educational district and ministerial officials. The peculiarity of the educational activity of university students in the mentioned period was the so-called “tradition of dialogical communication”. Lectures, which remained the main form of the educational process, were everywhere supplemented by other types and forms of work. These included work with texts (both independent and under the guidance of a teacher); scientific conversations on topical issues; discussions and debates as forms of practical classes; analysis of scientific literature and others. Independent student research work was encouraged from the first year of study. Such research student works helped them to reveal the essence of scientific problems more deeply, as well as their own understanding of them.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236626.pdf
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Abstract:
This biographical article is dedicated to the 185th anniversary of the birth of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire, Minister of Internal Affairs and the last real privy Councilor of the 1st class in pre-revolutionary Russia, Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1839–1917). The historical and biographical works, as well as reports by Goremykin himself, are used as materials; the methodological complex consists of such research methods as content analysis, biographical method and synthesis method. I.L. Goremykin first of all became famous as a great connoisseur of peasant law, a humanist and an opponent of bureaucratic arbitrariness. Ivan Loginovich's name is associated with many good beginnings in the Russian Empire, and his tragic fate only emphasizes the importance of his personality in history. Despite the circumstances, Ivan Logginovich remained an adherent of democratic and humanistic ideas until the last days, an honest man and not just a highly qualified specialist in the field of law, but also possessing a very high level of legal culture.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236678.pdf
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Abstract:
This article examines the fighting between Russian troops and Caucasian tribes during the construction of the Golovinsky fortification at the mouth of the Shakhe River in May – July 1839. As materials, the author used a complex of various sources – memoirs and epistolary heritage of contemporaries of the events described, as well as archival materials. A set of historical research methods was used in the work – historical-systemic, diachronic analysis, historical-genetic, etc. The author came to the following conclusions that the fighting during the construction of the Golovinsky fortification was no less bloody than during the landing of the Russian troops. Casualties were suffered by both Russian troops and, to a greater extent, Caucasian tribes who tried to prevent the landing and construction of fortifications at the mouth of the Shah River.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236755.pdf
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Abstract:
This article is devoted to the study of the works of researchers and travelers who left valuable information about Kazakh-Kyrgyz ethnopolitical relations. The main objective of the article is to analyze the research of Russian scientists on the ethnopolitical relations of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz ethnic groups, to determine their significance and relevance in recreating the level of their consolidation and confrontation, the degree of interaction with each other, their reflection on the modern relations of the two peoples. The nature of their relationship is revealed from the period of the formation of a political union to the period of open confrontations. Historical information is provided about the causes of certain historical events that contributed to the nature of the development of Kazakh-Kyrgyz ethnopolitical relations. The authors in this article, relying on historical, ethnographic, statistical information in the memoirs and works of researchers and travelers, determine the nature of the ethnopolitical relations of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz peoples by recreating a picture of historical events, from the time of the formation of the political union to joining the Russian Empire.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236832.pdf
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Abstract:
The problem of relationship between the Russian intelligentsia and the people in the XIX century was addressed, and their dichotomous character was noted. The notion of "the people" was defined and its structural and social composition was determined. The relationship between the intelligentsia and the people was described as conflictual. Views of the representatives of the noble intelligentsia, belonging to different social classes, on the causes of its conflict with the people were analyzed based on primary sources. The feeling of guilt for their dependency existence was marked as a common factor of mental motivation for the intelligentsia to contribute to the destiny of the people. The intelligentsia's assessments of various qualities of the people’s character were diverse and depended on its genesis and socio-political status. The matters of faith of the people, the nature of their education, and their attitude towards the peasant community remained the most controversial ones. Active part of the noble intelligentsia in the destiny of the people involved gratuitous distribution of land, relief of duties, and provision of various benefits, which could not resolve the general social conflict situation due to the local nature of this activity. Silver Age creative intellectuals had diametrically opposed vision of the people. Someone’s belief in the devout religiosity of the people was not consistent with the conviction of others in the sober mind, saving from superstitious delusions. Views on the role of the community in the life of the peasantry ranged from complete idealization to the need for its destruction. The intellectuals recognized ignorance of the people as the cause of all troubles, but had no general idea of the methods of its enlightenment. The intelligentsia noted combined contradictory qualities in the people, and attributed existence of the negative temperamental attributes to the living conditions of the people, poverty and ignorance. Long-suffering and submissiveness, inherent in the people, left open their subconscious desire for freedom in the eyes of the intelligentsia, which had to be implemented in real life. Duality of mentality, mutual misunderstanding and rejection of the Russian people and the intelligentsia worsened the split of the society and contributed to accumulation of the mass limit of the revolutionary outbreak.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236886.pdf
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Abstract:
Russian historiography traditionally connects the activities of the outstanding Russian historian D.I. Yavornitsky (1855–1940) with the study of the history of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, folklore and ethnography of the population of the Southern Dnieper region. At the same time, the study of the scientist's scientific heritage allows us to talk about him as one of the pioneers of Russian archaeological science. The novelty of this study is due to the choice of this little-known Russian science perspective of the historian's scientific work. The relevance of the work is related to the appeal to the origins of Russian archaeological knowledge, which opens up the possibility of an adequate assessment of its development and the high humanistic message of archaeology as a science. The material for the study of D.I. Yavornitsky's archaeological heritage was his publications in the Russian press before 1917. Their analysis showed that D.I. Yavornitsky made a significant contribution to the methodology of field archaeological research, put forward as a mandatory requirement the maintenance of field documentation, careful layer-by-layer opening of the monument and fixation of the place of discovery. The scientist used not only physical, but also osteological material, was one of the pioneers of the certification of finds. D.I. Yavornitsky was a master of subtle observations and carried out correct historical reconstructions, including on the material of monuments of Central Asia, which was not part of his immediate scientific interests. The scientist considered his archaeological activity as a way of serving the Motherland, which reflected the democratic nature of his beliefs. D.I.'s Yavornitsky's contribution to the development of Russian archaeology as permanent director of the Yekaterinoslav Regional Historical and Archaeological Museum may be a continuation of the topic of this study.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717236945.pdf
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Abstract:
Resettlement of North Caucasian highlanders in the second half of the 19th century still remains one of the conflict-generating narratives of historical memory. The policy of the Russian Empire during this period was determined by geopolitical processes, the continued colonization of the region, opposition to the influence of the Ottoman Empire, as well as the desire of North Caucasian Muslims to move to Dar al-Islam. Its inconsistency is due to the difficult task of sociocultural integration of the highlanders in the conditions of colonization and resettlement of Russian peasants and Cossacks to their original places of residence. Administrative, territorial, legal, national and religious issues were often resolved using methods that forced resettlement. Since the 1830s, processes have been observed in the movement of highlanders from their original places of residence, either to the internal lowland regions of the Caucasus, or to the Ottoman Empire. Cossacks and colonists settled on the lands liberated in this way, who were supposed to help ensure border security and reduce the possibility of resistance of part of the mountain population to the colonization of the region. At the last stage of the Caucasian War, the Russian authorities encouraged the departure of mountaineers abroad. The policy of the Ottoman Empire, aimed at supporting and agitating anti-Russian and resettlement sentiments, significantly increased the scale of muhajirism. At the end of the Caucasian War and the pacification of the North Caucasus, the emigration of highlanders begins to be limited, and later prohibited. At the end of the 1850s – beginning of the 1860s. accounts for the most massive stage of resettlement and emigration of highlanders. The second significant stage of mountain emigration occurred in the second half of the 60s – early 70s. XIX century. At this time, three waves of resettlement of highlanders can be distinguished. The third stage of active external and internal migration occurred in the 1880s – 1890s. By the end of the 19th century, the emigration of highlanders basically stopped. The resettlement process at all stages was accompanied by disasters and hardships and led to negative demographic dynamics. It changed the ethnic areas and ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237075.pdf
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Abstract:
This article is devoted to the role of the Turkestan Governor-General in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire and its activities in the second half of the 60s of the XIX century. Relying mainly on sources from archival collections, the authors came to the conclusion that the Governor-General, acting beyond the powers granted by the Russian emperor, conducted an independent policy in relations with neighboring countries in the region. Initially, this situation manifested itself in the fact that the Emirate of Bukhara was turned into a dependent state by him and forced to conclude treaties that meet the interests of the empire. At the same time, it was argued that the active intervention of the Governor-General in the internal affairs of the Kokand Khanate, which was considered an independent state at that time, was not within its powers. The administration of the Turkestan Governor-General, in particular K.P. Kaufman, tried to solve these problems independently, without waiting for instructions from the Center on solving border issues with neighboring countries. This situation was especially evident in relations with Iran and Afghanistan. Especially in the context of the growing Anglo-Russian rivalry in the Afghan issue and the growing tension between them, the Turkestan administration advocated more active actions in this region. The article says that as a result of the Governor-General's intervention in the political events taking place in the Chinese border territories, especially in East Turkestan, martial law arose in the region. This was one of the factors that allowed the Russians to take advantage of the situation in the early 1870s and conquer the Ili region. As a result of the study, the authors proved that the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the Turkestan region pursued its own interests and absolutely did not take into account the will and interests of the local population. This, in turn, left a negative mark on the future of the indigenous peoples of the region.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237183.pdf
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Abstract:
This article is devoted to the study of the reform of the abolition of serfdom in the context of its main causes and stages. The study includes not only the theme of Alexander II's Manifesto on the liberation of peasants from 1861, but also an analysis of a number of normative acts adopted since the end of the XVIII century, the subject of which were preliminary steps aimed at the subsequent acquisition of personal rights and freedoms by serfs. In particular, this article examines such documents as: The Manifesto of Paul I “On three-day serfdom”, the Decree of Alexander I “On free farmers”, the Regulations on the peasants of Estonia and Livonia, as well as the Decree of Nicholas I “On obliged peasants”. The authors of the article pay sufficient attention to external and internal factors that served as the reasons and prerequisites for the adoption of the reform on the abolition of serfdom, such as the defeat in the Crimean War, the industrial and technical revolution, the social crisis, the increased peasant riots, the development of higher education and, at the same time, changes in the worldview of the enlightened segment of the population of the Russian Empire. In addition, the article examines in detail the internal political processes for organizing activities aimed at preparing and implementing the reform of serfdom. The authors analyzed the course of preparation of the draft peasant reform and formulated the key contradictions that represented a number of obstacles to the implementation of the reform.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237258.pdf
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Abstract:
Nomadic peoples: Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens in the 19th – early 20th centuries occupied the southern peripheral territories of the Russian Empire. In natural and climatic terms, the lands of the steppe Ciscaucasia were distinguished by diversity, both in soil composition and in the presence of water sources. The purpose of this study is to study, based on the analysis of documents identified in the funds of the State Archives of the Stavropol Territory, the problems of economic development of the territory of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol province in the context of the geographical location of their nomads and climatic conditions. The integration policy of the imperial authorities in relation to nomads was focused on transferring them to a sedentary lifestyle. A number of activities aimed at spreading and supporting agriculture in their environment have had positive achievements. However, further practical experience in the development of virgin lands, both by newly minted farmers and during peasant colonization, had not entirely positive consequences, in the form of the spread of sand. As a result, in the course of the study, the authors focus on changing the course of imperial policy regarding the economic development of the territory of nomadic peoples. In conclusion, it was concluded that from the second half of the 19th century. The imperial authorities tried to neutralize the consequences of the invasion into the traditional environment of the nomads by organizing measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of cattle breeding, which gave some positive results. Attempts are being made to address the issue of water supply, organize exhibition events in the field of agriculture, with the active involvement of foreigners. By attracting professional help, at the expense of public capital, non-Russian communities are gradually becoming involved in selective cattle breeding, gardening, melon growing and vegetable gardening.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717408856.pdf
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Abstract:
After the abolition of serfdom and the deprivation of a number of privileges to the nobility, the main of which was free labor, landowners were forced to adapt to the realities of capitalist reality. No matter how painful the transitional forms of integration into the new management system (mining, use, introduction of a fallow system), the final result of the restructuring of private estates that had begun was to attract serfdom to developed economies. At the same time, all components of the landlord economy had to change on the way to progress – from the introduction of free hiring of workers and technical modernization of the economy to changing the land use system and rationalization of field cultivation. A systematic study of the administrative aspects of the estate's development in the second half of the 19th century is missing in historiography. Some aspects of this process can be traced back to pre-revolutionary writings. At the same time, a significant amount of source data, general statistical notes on the personnel of a number of estates were contained in zemstvo collections, which have not lost their significance so far. The success of the landlords' development of new forms of economic activity was significantly influenced by the global market situation. The reform of 1861 fell on a general decline in prices on the grain market. The influx of overseas grain into European ports (the main factor in the decline in trade) has ruined the Russian producer. In 1882–1890 export prices for Russian rye decreased by 35 %, wheat depreciated by 17 %. A feature of the post-reform modernization of the agrarian system of Russia was the gradual transition of ownership economies from old serf fiefdoms to capitalist competitive farms. To increase the efficiency of different types of estates, the owners had to modernize land use, carry out sectoral specialization of field farming, and attract new capital into production.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237376.pdf
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Abstract:
The article researches the evolution of healthcare system in the Russian Empire, from its foundation and until the twentieth century. The fact is emphasized that the state concentrated the main financial and industrial resources on strengthening the army and an active foreign policy, while the social sphere, primarily medicine, was practically not funded. This caused fair criticism of contemporaries, including the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov and other scholars and public figures. The zemstvo reform of 1864 gave a certain impetus to the transformations, but in the absence of a sufficient number of qualified medical personnel and stable funding, the changes were mostly not real, but formal, which led to the fact that medicine in the countryside existed essentially only on paper. Considering that, in terms of social structure, the country was predominantly an agrarian society, this meant a critical situation with medical care for the main part of the inhabitants of the state. Archival data testify to unusually high mortality, the spread of infectious and venereal diseases. The situation with medical care for the working population concentrated in large cities was a little better. It can be characterized as clearly insufficient and limited. As a result, not only the patients suffered, but also the doctors themselves, who physically and morally could not cope with such an incredible burden.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237425.pdf
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Abstract:
In the XIX – early XX centuries in Russia there were gymnasiums for secondary education, the completion of which gave the right to enter higher educational institutions (universities) and serve in various institutions. Such educational institutions were famous not only for their teaching methods, but also for the organization of the educational process. One of these educational institutions in the Kazakh steppe was the Orenburg Men's Gymnasium, which opened in 1868. In order to open a gymnasium and construct an educational building, a charitable foundation was organized among the residents. Scholarships were awarded to Kazakh children studying from the charity fund. Among the graduates of this gymnasium were representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia such as: Abubakir Aldiyarov, Salimgerey Nuralykhanov, Kali Ibragimov, Gali-Akhmet Aryngaziev, etc. The documents of Fund 79 of the United State Archives of the Orenburg Region contain information about the activities of the civil men's gymnasium, the names of graduates, information about their academic performance, the daily life of Kazakh children who studied at the beginning of the XX century. Sources indicate that at the gymnasium, Kazakh children lived in a boarding house and received a scholarship assigned to the children of Kazakhs in the Orenburg region and surrounding regions. As part of the curriculum, the following languages were studied: Russian, Greek, Latin, French, German, as well as logic, algebra, geometry, history, and geography. Children were aimed at acquiring knowledge, diligently mastering the educational process in order to achieve good results. After graduating from the Orenburg men's gymnasium, Kazakh young men were able to continue their studies at higher educational institutions in Russia.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237639.pdf
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The article is devoted to an important social problem – the fight against alcoholism among the population of the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries. The study pays attention to the position of public authorities in relation to the production and sale of alcoholic beverages and the prevention of mass alcoholization of the population. Special attention is paid to the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the prevention of the fight against drunkenness, as well as the activities of Folk houses, tea houses, reading rooms in promoting a healthy lifestyle. The People's House became the center of public life, where various cultural and educational institutions could find shelter. The government proposed to organize a People's House in every large village, while all questions of organization and management were assigned to local authorities. The leading role in organizing the fight against excessive alcohol-containing products was played by the public with the support of the Church and the zemstvo councils. The result of the activity of the People's Houses was the active involvement of various strata of society, primarily the peasantry and urban workers, in introducing them to a healthy lifestyle and raising the cultural level. This experience spread from large cities to rural areas. The sober movement covered significant segments of the population of different ages. Realizing the depth of the problem, the state began to make attempts to organize a fight against drinking establishments and the unhindered sale of vodka. The introduction of administrative and prohibitive measures at the beginning of the twentieth century did not lead to mass popular unrest, as society was already aware of the need to jointly combat drunkenness.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237692.pdf
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The article analyzes the social portrait of a pilgrim who traveled from Penza province to worship Orthodox Shrines in the East in the 1870s – 1900s. The study is based on the Penza governor's office correspondence (which regulated the receipt of a foreign passport), articles from diocesan periodicals about the popularization of the pilgrimage movement, including travel notes by Penza priest P. Arkhangelsky, who visited Palestine in 1895. The motives, meaning, terms and conditions of the organization, and the cost of a trip to Palestine from the Penza province are investigated. The analysis of the pilgrims' petitions allows to reconstruct the system of ideas of the provincial society about the geography of the location, the name, and the content of the image of the Holy Land, to identify the relationship between the level of socio-cultural development of the territory and the awakening of the desire for spiritual and moral improvement. The desire to gain immortality encouraged deeply religious representatives of the lower strata of society, as a rule, rural residents in adulthood to travel to Holy Places, despite all the hardships and dangers of the way. It has been established that by the end of the XIX century, as a result of the activity of the IPPO (Imperial orthodox Palestinian society), increased transport accessibility, and the development of hospitality infrastructure in Jerusalem, the pilgrimage movement was democratized, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the classical pilgrim became more flexible. In addition to gaining personal experience through the pilgrimage movement, the memorial culture of the provincial society, the common basis of religious and national identity, was formed.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237743.pdf
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Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the daily life of students at Moscow University in the context of analyzing the phenomenon of private charity, which was actively developing in the second half of the 19th century in order to support students and education in general. Various ways of earning money for students are shown, which, although they do not give a complete picture of the student’s standard of living, can be indicators with the help of which it becomes possible to reconstruct the daily life of Moscow students, which was formed differently due to the different social and geographical origin of students, as well as directly dependent on their academic performance, receipt of scholarships and loyalty to the existing government. It is concluded that state inertia in Russia in the second half of the 19th century created an opportunity for the development of private charity and thereby contributed to the construction of Russian civil society. Charities provided a public “space” where concerned Russians could meet and discuss ways to distribute their charitable donations. Based on an in-depth analysis of historical sources and literature, the author comes to the conclusion that private charitable activities made it possible to actively participate in the development of an autonomous civil society, which indirectly challenged the monopoly of the Russian autocracy and determined the future of the country. An attempt is made to explore the concept of "quality of life" by focusing on various factors, including basic human needs, subjective well-being, hopes for the future, as well as other phenomenological considerations. As part of the study of the everyday life of students, the author focused on considering the financial and legal status, living and working conditions, and professional opportunities provided to students. In addition, the reasons for frequent expulsions from Moscow University were studied.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237798.pdf
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Abstract:
The authors analyze the social ideas of peasants about the priest, his functions and importance in the village world. On the one hand, the peasants treated their spiritual mentor with respect, making certain demands on his spiritual and moral appearance. On the other hand, the peasantry condemned manifestations of uncanonical behavior on the part of clerics, such as drunkenness, profanity, and excessive extortion from peasants. An important aspect in the issue of interaction between the priest and the peasants was the material side – the collection of fees for trebs. Despite the fact that the level of well-being of the rural clergy was very low, it was the very way of receiving remuneration for performing their duties that distanced the priest from the peasant. Many of the peasants opposed payment in monetary terms. The fact that the priest was a representative of the church and state authorities also played a significant role. The general attitude of the peasants towards the clergy was formed taking into account both the personal qualities of the priest and stable ideas about the correspondence of the activities of the church and Christian preaching to the idea of justice – the basis of the ideological principles of the Russian peasantry.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717237961.pdf
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Abstract:
The article analyzes factual material about a little-studied aspect of N.M.’s research activities. Yadrintsev, who is better known in modern Russia as a geographer and ethnologist. The purpose of the study is to, by summarizing available data, clarify its role in the history of national and world Turkology in the second half of the 19th century. What mattered were the paradigms of the “new intellectual and cultural history”. The toolkit allows us to identify the contribution of a certain historical figure to the desired scientific field in the context of the mental achievements of the historical period. Therefore, this methodology is aimed as objectively as possible at demonstrating the contribution of N.M. Yadrintsev into national and world Turkology. The material notes that for world Turkology the joint scientific triumph of Yadrintsev, Radlov and Thomsen was of key historical significance. After them, researchers in Russia and other countries could freely decipher the newly discovered ancient Turkic written sources. Thanks to the major research achievements of 1889 N.M. Yadrintsev acquired well-deserved world fame as an archaeologist and ethnologist. During the winter months of 1890, after returning to St. Petersburg from Mongolia, he made several reports in scientific societies and published materials about his discoveries in the press. The authors of the article emphasize the connection between the Altai complex expeditions of 1878 and 1880 and subsequent archaeological research by Yadrintsev in the Mongolian part of Greater Altai. In particular, the author highlights, firstly, his discovery of the famous Orkhon inscriptions in Mongolia in 1889, and, secondly, the establishment of the historical and geographical locus of the metropolis of the ancient Turkic and ancient Mongolian nomadic empires - Karakorum. Attention is drawn to the indisputable achievements of the discoverer of monuments of ancient Turkic writing. The final conclusions noted the worldwide scale of N.M.’s personal contribution. Yadrintseva in Turkology.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717238016.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines the problem of preserving Russian intangible cultural heritage through the formation and consistent implementation of that part of family rituals that was associated with the reproductive culture of the peasant community, which made up the majority of the population of the Russian Empire. In a similar way, the transmission of value and behavioral attitudes of the reproductive strategy took place from generation to generation. The study is based on materials from the Perm province, chronologically dating back to the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The main sources were descriptions of various rituals and records of folklore, preserved both in published form and in archival materials. Using various methods of historical science, including microhistory, the author managed to extract from descriptive source material the meaning that the peasants invested in each ritual element. It was found that the main mechanisms for transmitting the value and behavioral attitudes of Russian reproductive culture – the family and the Russian Orthodox Church – were aimed at one goal that was vitally important for the peasant community – the conception and birth of as many children as possible, preferably healthy ones. For this purpose, knowledge, traditions, customs and rituals have been passed on for centuries among the people, information about which was recorded by local historians, observers and scientists. All this entered the treasury of Russian culture, forming a fund of domestic intangible cultural heritage.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717238069.pdf
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Abstract:
The paper focuses on the search of specific characteristics of gymnasium education in the Russian empire in the last quarter of the 19th century. It also depicts a historical picture of Russian education of the time based on scientific research and archival records covering the subject. The latter are documents reflecting the functioning of Ust-Medvedickaya women’s gymnasium during the above mentioned historical period. The authors of the paper compare state curricula on literature and their implementation in the course of real studies. As a result, they suggest a hypothesis according to which a large part of the state curricula corresponded to the events of Russian history, including not only the main studying programmed but also chrestomathies and so-called “books for reading”. Employing various archival records and other scientific sources the authors argue that the study of the content of history curricula is more scientifically meaningful when it is compared with a literature curriculum as well. Besides that, the paper maintains that the study of the relations between history related elements of Russian literature curriculum on the one hand and Russian history curriculum on the other facilitates further research in the field of Russian education of the second part of the 19th century studies and development of educational system and Russian culture as a whole.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717238120.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines how Russian post-reform society, family and school conceptualized teenage suicides, the number of which began to increase rapidly at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The phenomenon of such an extreme manifestation of children's deviant behavior is studied using data from Orenburg, a provincial center of a governorate, located away from the capital cities. As examples, the article examines the suicides of students at the Orenburg Men's Gymnasium, one of the best secondary schools in the region. The source base of the study is based on documents concentrated in the United State Archive of the Orenburg Region, as well as on materials from the Orenburg press. Analysis of available sources allows us to state that society, families and schools of the post-reform era were baffled by youth suicides. Their motives were associated with the shortcomings of the existing school system, social vices, the crisis of family relationships, as well as with the individual psychological characteristics of children. The children and adolescents intentionally taking their own lives were seen as a disruption to the normal course of life, a sign of social instability and a threat to a predictable and sustainable future. Microhistories of children recorded in suicide cases suggest that tragic situations were most often caused by a lack of parental attention to the problems of children or its complete absence. In addition, most adults (both parents and school administration) were absolutely convinced that a “normal” child is a malleable material from which a future full-fledged member of society can be easily “molded” with the help of lectures and disciplinary sanctions. Children were denied the natural experience of psychological crises and personal problems due to their perceived insignificance or unreality.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717238170.pdf
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Abstract:
Since 1866, from an educational institution such as a military corps, the university has become an open mining engineering higher educational institution. The development of mining in the 1860s-90s and changes in the educational process after the adoption of the Charter of 1866 necessitated its significant revision. Industrial modernization of the XIX – early XX century was the most important catalyst for the socio-economic development of Russia. Since mining was the leading industry in the course of modernization, it accordingly pushed for the need to improve the educational process of educational institutions that trained mining engineers. Public and pedagogical opinion in the process of modernization served as an engine for democratic reforms in the field of education. But at the same time, some actions and decisions of the government had a populist and contradictory character and eventually became obsolete or changed. The revolutionary situation in the country, in which students took an active part, also served as a serious reason for changing the educational life of universities.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717238230.pdf
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Abstract:
The article carried out a textual analysis of Part 1 of Volume 12 of “Picturesque Russia. Our Fatherland in its land, historical, tribal, economic and everyday meaning”, which has the subtitle “Eastern outskirts of Russia. Eastern Siberia”. Published in 1895, the encyclopedic publication is a valuable historical source, which reveals facts related to the development of East Siberian territories, the socio-economic status of indigenous Siberian peoples, as well as the features of visualization of these facts. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the image of Eastern Siberia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries in encyclopedic texts and in illustrations accompanying these texts. Part 1 of Volume 12 of “Picturesque Russia” presents a holistic and multifaceted image of the Eastern Siberian territories as long-developed by immigrants from Central Russia. The region is seen as promising, rich, inhabited by diverse peoples with special religious and everyday traits and habits. Representation of the image of Eastern Siberia is associated with the creation of a significant number of landscapes, large settlements, portraits of people in national clothes, as well as images of religious rites. The concept of integrating text and visual images was effectively implemented, making “Picturesque Russia” the most important historical source, revealing the particularities of the historical thinking of educated people in Russia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717408964.pdf
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Abstract:
This article presents an analysis of the views and assessments of Shokan Ualikhanov regarding the issues of nomadic societies. The researcher highlights the clan-tribal structure of nomads as a key characteristic of the socio-cultural environment under study. The special attention is given to the analysis of historical and cultural aspects of the life of nomadic peoples, on the basis of which Ualikhanov makes significant conclusions about the predominant forms of economy of the peoples of the Great Steppe, encompassing livestock breeding, agriculture, urban and rural settlement, as well as craftsmanship and more. It is important to note that Ualikhanov's scientific conclusions about the ethnonym “Kazakh”, the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people, and the formation of the Kazakh Khanate, formulated in the mid-19th century, are confirmed in the works of modern domestic researchers. The article also covers the political-ethnic, spiritual-cultural, and historical-geographical aspects of nomadic societies. Sh.Ualikhanov, in his exploration of the history and culture of the Turkic peoples from eastern medieval sources, relied on manuscripts KadyrgaliJalair’s “Collection of Chronicles,” Abulgazy Bahadur’s “Shezhire-i Turk,” and Muhammad HaydarDulati’s “Tarikh-i Rashidi,” alongside manuscripts acquired from Kashgaria, including “History of Satuk-Bugra Khan,” “History of Tuglyk-Timur Khan,” “History of Khojas,” and “AbumuslimMaurizi.” In his works, he used the poems of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz people “Edige” and “Manas” as a primary source. Notably, he undertook the pioneering task of translating a section of the poem “Manas,” “The Death of Koketai Khan and His Funeral” into Russian. Ualikhanov’s engagement with educated individuals, his European education obtained at the Omsk Cadet Corps, and his participation in scientific expeditions collectively contributed to his ability to discern and comprehend the intricacies of nomadic society.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717495999.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines the state-church relations in the Russian state at the turn of the epochs, analyzes the events related to the activities of the Local Council, the revival of the institution of the patriarchate, and the election of the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. The authors note that the development of state-church relations in the history of Russia is characterized by significant changes in the socio-political sphere, including in relations between the state and the church, which have remained and remain important throughout the development of the state. The revival of the institution of the Patriarchate is one of the key topics of state-church relations in the Russian state, which is the subject of special interest in studying the deep historical roots and development of the Russian Orthodox Church, its interaction with the state. The restoration of the patriarchate has received a mixed assessment in Russian science. On the one hand, this is an important step in the development of the Church, its separation from the state, allows it to carry out its spiritual mission more freely, on the other hand, the return of the patriarchate may lead to an increase in the political influence of the Church, violating the principle of "secularism" of the state. The authors consider the problem of restoring the institution of the patriarchate at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, analyze the activities of the Local Council, characterize the procedure for electing the patriarch, determine and announce the results of the election. The conducted research allows us to know and evaluate the impact of the church on historical processes that influenced the formation of cultural and social values, contributing to a deep analysis and interpretation of past events, helping to form a more complete understanding of the role of the church in the history of Russia.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717496091.pdf
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Abstract:
The article introduces into scientific circulation archival materials of the police department of the Russian Empire, covering the wide support of the Russian public (represented by deputies of the III State Duma and a number of central and provincial newspapers) of one of the leaders of the Kazakh national intelligentsia, teacher and poet Akhmet Baitursynov, which received a wide public outcry. The main role in this story was played by appeals to representatives of the highest authorities by the deputy, well-known public figure Skalozubov Nikolai Lukich. In parallel with the appeal to various state bodies of a member of the State Duma, an article protesting against the arrest of Baitursynov was published in the central press organ of the Cadet Party, then reprinted in several Russian periodicals at once, which is subjected to scientific analysis using documents from the gendarme department. The authors come to the conclusion that the leaders of the local state apparatus tried to learn from the experience of the First Russian Revolution, when, on the one hand, they adhered to the provisions of the Tsar’s Manifesto of October 17, 1905 and responded to the requests of the State Duma deputies, taking measures to eliminate the claims expressed, but on the other On the other hand, the governors and the relevant bodies of political investigation closely monitored the intensification of the social and political activities of the Kazakh political elite, simultaneously monitoring publications in central and local periodicals that were undesirable for the authorities.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717238854.pdf
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Abstract:
This study examines the theoretical and practical activities of Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) and Stepan Vasilyevich Vostrotin (1864–1943) on the development of Arctic transport routes in the Yenisei Siberia at the beginning of the 20th century. By a fortunate coincidence, the period of their intensive research activity occurred at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when there was a need to study the northern territories and their economic and strategic prospects. Both researchers paid great attention to the logistics potential of the Northern Sea Route, which could ensure stable and regular trade of the Siberian region with European countries, including Great Britain and Scandinavia. Particular attention in the study is paid to F. Nansen’s travels across Siberia in the summer and autumn of 1913, which he made in company with S.V. Vostrotin. As a part of the trip, the Norwegian visited Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk and a number of other settlements. The result was the publishing of the book «To the Land of the Future». The article analyzes the main stages of the life path of F. Nansen and V.S. Vostrotin, provides an analysis of their most progressive views on the development of Russian North, Yenisei Siberia, transport routes of this region and its potential in the evolution of international trade and intercultural communication. However, the further development of the creative union of F. Nansen and V.S. Vostrotin was prevented by the revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia. The authors used a wide range of personal sources and analyzed the main historiography of the issues under consideration. The methodological basis of the study was the historical-anthropological approach and the biographical method in historical science.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717239068.pdf
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Abstract:
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Kazakhs of the Russian Empire identified themselves as Muslims. In official documents, Kazakhs were recorded as “Kyrgyz of the Mohammedan faith”. The specifics of the nomadic society consisted in observing the norms of Sharia law, in the absence of stationary mosque buildings, and the way out of the situation was the presence of mullahs in one (more often – several) villages. That is, one of the sought-after social categories in Kazakh society were mullahs – people who organize five-fold collective prayers, recitation of ayats and surahs of the Koran on various occasions, as well as necessary rituals (weddings, funerals, etc.). The mullahs, characteristically, could participate in military campaigns, inspiring soldiers, calling them to prayer, performing burial rites if necessary. Of course, such activities of the “marching” mullahs rallied the ranks of the militia, set them up for stoic behavior and disciplined their moral foundations. In the face of external challenges, during the period of requisition of foreigners in 1916–1917, the Kazakhs of the Turkestan region were officially sent to the rear work accompanied by mullahs. There were special features in the mobilization of the Kazakhs of the Steppe Region: the intervention of Duma deputies and the Alash intelligentsia was required to direct the mullahs.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717239115.pdf
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Abstract:
The article examines the coverage in the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik” of the last, final stage of the Brusilov’s breakthrough (July 27 – September 7, 1916). The newspaper Soldatsky Vestnik (issues 186-199) was used as materials. Methodologically, the work is based on the content analysis method, which made it possible to identify publications related to the Brusilov’s breakthrough from several hundred newspaper publications of the “Soldatsky Vestnik” and analyze these materials. The chronological method was also used in the work, thanks to which we considered the events under study in the context of the historical situation and chronological sequence. The authors conclude that in early September 1916, an unfavorable situation was developing for the troops of the Russian Southwestern Front. Due to the long successful offensive, the Russian troops suffered serious losses in manpower. The same offensive forced the enemy to transfer large reserves from the Western to the Eastern Front, which practically equalized the attackers and defenders in their numbers. If we consider that the effect of surprise was long lost, then the continuation of the Brusilov’s breakthrough in these conditions became unpromising, and the Russian command decided to stop it. Throughout the offensive operation of the Russian Southwestern Front under the command of General Brusilov, the main sources of official information for the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik” were reports “From the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief”. However, often additional sources were letters from soldiers to their homeland, as well as a variety of additional materials that were reprinted from other newspapers or compiled by the editorial board of the “Soldatsky Vestnik”. Thus, a narrative was introduced aimed at increasing the military spirit of the Russian army during the Brusilov’s breakthrough.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717239519.pdf
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Abstract:
The article analyzes the history of Soviet orphanages in the 1930s based on the materials of Central Kazakhstan. The authors pay special attention to the source of children's admission to orphanages, their maintenance regime, forms of financing of children's institutions, and consider the degree of equipping children's institutions with food and household goods. The authors attempted to determine the number of orphanages and the number of foster children both in Kazakhstan as a whole and in the Karaganda region in the 1930s. Based on archival materials, a picture of the daily life of the orphanage was recreated. The authors conclude that the increase in the number of orphanages and homelessness in Kazakhstan in the early 1930s was associated with a sharp increase in the number of starving people, and since the mid-1930s – due to the flow of special settlers and victims of political repression. The difficult situation in orphanages led to the escape of their pupils, which only increased the growth of homelessness. The source base for the research was archival documents from the collections of the State Academy of Russian Federation, the Administrative Okrug of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the State Agency for Accreditation for Accreditation, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as materials from collections of documents and materials on the problem under study.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717321004.pdf
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Abstract:
The intrinsic value of a set of archive materials will contribute to the disclosure of potential information on the history of economic companies the Kazakh ASSR (Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic) in the 30s of the XX century and the scientific preparation for the publication of declassified documentary heritage. A set of archival documents was formed during the period of these companies. For the first time, a source analysis of archival documents in Arabic script (tөte jazu) and eyewitness memories (formed as a result of the expedition) are being carried out. Attention is focused on the information of the United State Political Administration (OGPU), which is available in many funds at various levels of government and reveals business companies in all aspects. The objectives of the study are to conduct a source analysis of a complex of archival materials and assess their potential. The research materials are documents from archival institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Central State Archive (CSA RK), Presidential Archive (PA RK), State Archive of the Alma-Ata Region. Interpret scientific discourse based on its importance for the source study analysis in the following direction: basis of the origin of state record-keeping; scientific study of record-keeping documents; nature of the command-administrative system; problems of declassifying archive materials; language of the text of archive documents. Classify record-keeping materials, documents in Arabic script (tote zhazu). Identify the impact of the implementation of economic companies Kazakh ASSR in the 30s of the XX century on the evolution of varieties and the content of archive materials. Assess their information potential as a comprehensive source base for studying the mechanism and consequences of economic companies in individual regions of Kazakh ASSR, the process of migration and re-emigration of the Kazakh population, widespread famine, and the situation of children.

URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717239622.pdf
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URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717616644.pdf
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URL: https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals_n/1717239712.pdf
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